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［8］HM Revenue and Customs, Child Benefit, Child Tax Credit, and Working Tax Credit (London: HM Revenue and Customs, 2012), quote p. 13.
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［9］Clair Vickery, “The Time-Poor: A New Look at Poverty,” Journal of Human Resources 12 (1977): 27-48; and Anthony B. Atkinson, Poverty in Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
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［10］Michael E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty, 1834-1914 (London: Macmillan, 1972),quote pp. 63-64.
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［11］Lord Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: HMSO Cmd 6404, 1942), quote p. 12.
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［12］James J. Heckman, “Going Forward Wisely,” Speech to the White House Early Childhood Education Summit, 10 December, 2014, Center for the Economics of Human Development, University of Chicago.
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［13］Timothy M. Smeeding and Jane Waldfogel, “Fighting Child Poverty in the United States and United Kingdom: An Update,” Fast Focus no. 8 (2010): 1-5, quote p. 2.
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［14］HMRC, Child Benefit Statistics: Geographical Analysis August 2013, quote p. 7.
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［15］James A. Mirrlees, “An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation,”Review of Economic Studies 38 (1971): 175-208.
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［16］See Rolf Aaberge, Ugo Colombino, and Steinar Strom, “Do More Equal Slices Shrink the Cake? An Empirical Investigation of Tax-Transfer Reform Proposals in Italy,” Journal of Population Economics 17 (2004): 767-785; and, for Norway,Rolf Aaberge and Ugo Colombino, “Using a Microeconometric Model of Household Labour Supply to Design Optimal Income Taxes,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 115 (2013): 449-475.
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［17］此外，我们应该谨慎地使用“选择”一词；无子女也有可能不是一种“选择”。
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［18］Amelia Hill, “Cash-Strapped Parents Choosing to Have Only One Baby, Survey Finds,” The Guardian, 31 October 2014.
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［19］关于这一算法，请参阅Tobin, “On Limiting the Domain of Inequality,” Journal of Law and Economics 13 (1970): 263-277,quote p.265。
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［20］即使这一做法具有可行性，但涉及公民身份资格的标准很敏感，这意味着我对下列做法是否明智存在很大的疑虑，即取得公民身份就能获得无条件基本收入。
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［21］Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton, “The Public Administration Case against Participation Income,” Social Service Review 81 (2007): 523-549, 引自第540页。下一句引述的话来自第545页。参阅上述作者所著的“The Many Faces of Universal Basic Income,” Political Quarterly 75 (2004): 266-274.
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［22］Philippe Van Parijs, “Why Surfers Should Be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 20 (1991): 101-131.John Rawls, “The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 17 (1988): 251-276,quote p.7.
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［23］Horacio Levy, Christine Luetz, and Holly Sutherland, “A Guaranteed Income for Europe’s Children?” in Stephen P. Jenkins and John Micklewright, eds., Inequalityand Poverty Re-Examined (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007),quote p.231.See also Manos Matsaganis et al. “Reforming Family Transfers in Southern Europe: Is There a Role for Universal Child Benefits?”Social Policy and Society 5 (2006): 189-197.
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［24］Tony Lynes是第一个向我提出有关通过“养老金评估”的方式提高国民基本养老金的理念。他在社会保障问题上提出很多见解，但不幸的是他于2014年去世。下列书中详细介绍了相关情况：Anthony B. Atkinson, “State Pensions for Today and Tomorrow,” in Anthony B. Atkinson,ed., Incomes and the Welfare State: Essays on Britain and Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 305-323.(我曾向已故的Donald Dewar提议过这一方案，但时任影子大臣戈登·布朗不支持。Donald Dewar在20世纪90年代曾担任工党发言人)。
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［25］Peter Kenway, Should Adult Benefit for Unemployment Now Be Raised? (York
:JosephRowntree Foundation, 2009).
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［26］Kenway, Should Adult Benefit, note 10中全面记录了他所使用过的一系列图表，让我能够方便地更新图8.2中的数值，对此我表示非常感谢。
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［27］The quotation is from Kenway, Should Adult Benefit,引自第13页。贫困率援引自图2。
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［28］Josh Bivens, “Historically Small Share of Jobless People Are Receiving UnemploymentInsurance,” Economic Snapshot (Washington, D.C.
:Economic Policy Institute),25 September 2014.
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［29］John Hills, Good Times, Bad Times (Bristol: Policy Press, 2014),引自第261页。他引述证据称“一半受访人员认为40%或甚至更多的支出用于失业人员” (第259页)。
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［30］Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright, “Turning the Screw: BenefitsFor the Unemployed 1979-88,” in Andrew Dilnot and Ian Walker, eds., The Economicsof Social Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 17-51.
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［31］Anthony B. Atkinson, Public Economics in an Age of Austerity (Abingdon
:Routledge, 2014), ch.3, sec.4. The discussion in the Mirrlees Review is in James Mirrlees et al., Tax by Design: Mirrlees Review, The Final Report (Oxford
:Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 126-128.
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［32］Edward J. McCaffery and Joel Slemrod, “Toward an Agenda for Behavioral Public Finance,”in Edward J. McCaffery and Joel Slemrod, eds., BehavioralPublic Finance (New York: Sage, 2006), 3-31, quote pp. 7 and 9.
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