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［33］Public Finance website,18 August 2014.
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［34］Mutual Information System on Social Protection (MISSOC) Database of theEuropean Commission.
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［35］此外，鉴于有了这一社会保险方案和参与性收入，我们可以废除现行的福利上限规定，该规定限定了向16—64岁人员所支付的福利金总额。
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［36］United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2014 (New York
:United Nations，2014),quote p.9。
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［37］Harry G. Johnson, Economic Policies towards Less Developed Countries (London
:Allen andUnwin, 1967), quote p. 118. I owe my interest in the subject tothe study by Ian Little and Juliet M. Clifford, International Aid (London: Allenand Unwin, 1965).
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［38］Johnson, Economic Policies, quote p. 119.
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［39］Jim Murphy, interviewed by Mary Riddell, “National Interest,” Fabian Review126 (Autumn 2014),quote p.16.
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［40］欲了解有关援助能否有效刺激经济增长问题的相反观点，请参阅Martin Ravallion, “On the Role of Aid in the Great Escape,” Review of Income and Wealth 60 (2014): 967-984; and Channing Arndt, Sam Jones, and Finn Tarp, “What Is the Aggregate Economic Rate of Return to Foreign Aid?”UNU-WIDER Working Paper 2014/089。后者在第2页指出“经济学文献中大多数最新的实证研究发现外国援助产生了积极的影响。”
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［41］Angus Deaton, The Great Escape (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013),quote p.132.
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［42］依据Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2014 (Bristol: Development Initiatives, 2014), “面对2013年惊人规模的需求，国际社会做出反应，提供创纪录的220亿美元的援助资金。这代表援助大幅增加……但即使国际社会提供创纪录的资金，2013年联合国协调开展的呼吁活动所列举的需求得到满足的仍不到三分之二（65%）”。
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［43］Channing Arndt, Sam Jones, and Finn Tarp, “Assessing Foreign Aid’s Long-RunContribution to Growth in Development,” World Development, forthcoming,quote p. x.
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［44］David Miller, National Responsibility and Global Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), quotes from pp. 266-267.
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［45］The Guardiam,2 Dceember 2014.
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［46］Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,2009), quote p. 8.
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第9章 缩小蛋糕？
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［1］See Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Lectures on Public Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), Fig. 11-5, where the well-being of individuals is represented by their utilities.
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［2］Jonathan D.Ostry, Andrew Berg, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides, “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth,” IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/14/02, February 2014, quote p. 4, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402. pdf.
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［3］B被排除在外是因为，如果在对工人的需求（供给）过度时工资增加（减少），那么B就不稳定。如果存在任何轻微的偏差，那么经济就会要么上移至A，要么下移至C。
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［4］Harvey Leibenstein, “The Theory of Underemployment in Densely Populated Backward Areas,” in Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth (New York: John Wiley, 1963), ch. 6.
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［5］See Carl Shapiro and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device,” American Economic Review 74 (1984): 433-444.
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［6］Martin Feldstein,“Introduction,” in Martin Feldstein, ed., The American Economy in Transition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), quote p. 4.
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［7］Jose Harris,Unemployment and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),p. 307.
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［8］See Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright, “Unemployment Compensation and Labor Market Transitions: A Critical Review,” Journal of Economic Literature 29 (1991): 1679-1727.
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［9］David Card, RajChetty, and Andrea Weber, “The Spike at Benefit Exhaustion: Leaving the Unemployment System or Starting a New Job,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 97 (2007): 113-118, quote p. 113.
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［10］下文进行了更正式的论证：Anthony B. Atkinson, The Economic Consequences of Rolling Back the Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), ch. 7.
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