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[1]Thomas Piketty，Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014，中文版见中信出版社2014年版。
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[2]Mervyn King，英格兰银行前行长。
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[3]即Nichoals Stern。
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不平等，我们能做什么 图片资料来源
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图1.1
:Based on Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality, http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.The underlying sources of the US data are as follows.Overall inequality
:“Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey,” from Income and Poverty in the United States
:2013 (Washington,D.C.
:U.S.Bureau of the Census,2014),http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf,Table A-3,“Selected measures of equivalence-adjusted income dispersion,” where it has been assumed that half of the recorded change between 1992 and 1993 was due to the change in methods (1.15 percentage points has been added to the values from 1992 back to 1967).This series is linked backwards at 1967 to the series from 1944 given by E.C.Budd,“Postwar Changes in the Size Distribution of Income in the U.S.,”American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings 60 (1970)
:247-260.Income share of top 1%
:Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez,“Income Inequality in the United States,1913-1998,”Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003)
:1-39; updated figures from Saez’s website,http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/.Poverty rate
:Before 1959 from Gordon Fisher,“Estimates of the Poverty Population under the Current Official Definition for Years before 1959,” mimeograph,Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation,U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,1970,Table 6.Since 1959 from the U.S.Bureau of the Census website,Historical Poverty Tables,Table 2; and U.S.Bureau of the Census publications,Income and Poverty in the United States
:2013, Table B1.Individual earnings
:Based on the Current Population Survey (CPS) from the OECD iLibrary,most recent data available at http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/ data/oecd-employment-and-labour-market-statistics_lfs-data-en.These data are linked at 1973 to the estimates of Lynn A.Karoly,“The Trend in Inequality among Families,Individuals,and Workers in the United States
:A Twenty-five Year Perspective,” in Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk,eds.,Uneven Tides (New York
:Russell Sage Foundation,1994),Table 2B.2; and at 1963 to the estimates in Anthony B.Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries (Oxford
:Oxford University Press,2008),Table T.10.The last of these sources provides information about the definition of the population covered and the time period,which differ across the sources.
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图1.2
:Based on Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality, http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.The underlying sources of the UK data are as follows.Overall inequality
:Gini coefficient of equivalised (modified OECD scale) disposable household income for all persons in the United Kingdom (Great Britain up to 2001/02) are from the website of the Institute for Fiscal Studies
:http://www.ifs.org.uk/.The data from 1961 to 1992 (financial year 1993/94) are from the Family Expenditure Survey,and thereafter from the Family Resources Survey.The Gini earlier series (“Blue Book series”) values are from Anthony B.Atkinson and John Micklewright,Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income (Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1992),Table BI1; the figure for 1938 is from the Royal Commission on the Distribution of Income and Wealth,Report No.7,Fourth report on the Standing Reference, Cmnd.7595 (London
:HMSO,1979),p.23.Income share of top 1%
:World Top Incomes Database (WTID),http://topin comes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/.Poverty rate
:from the website of the Institute for Fiscal Studies (before housing costs series),as described above.Individual earnings
:Earnings data from Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings,covering all full-time workers on adult rates whose pay for the survey period was not affected by absence,linked backwards to take account of changes in methodology in 2006 and 2004,linked backwards in 2000 to the data from the New Earnings Survey (NES) from Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries, Table S.8,taking the series back to 1968 (when the NES began),linked backwards to the income tax data (Schedule E earnings) from the same source,Table S.7.
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图1.3
:LIS Key Figures,http://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access/key-figures/download key-figures/,downloaded 30 November 2014.
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图1.4
:Poverty rates from LIS Key Figures,http://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access/key-figures/download-key-figures/,downloaded 30 November 2014.Top income shares from the World Top Incomes Database,http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/,downloaded 9 December 2014.
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图1.6
:Data for 2000 and earlier are from website of Angus Maddison,Historical Statis-tics of the World Economy, GDP measured at 1990 PPPs,http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm.Data for 2020 and later are from the Long-term Baseline Projections from OECD Economic Outlook No.95,May 2014,Dataset,GDP at 2005 US$ PPPs.The series for the UK and the US have been linked using the Maddison values for 2008 and the OECD values for 2010; the figures for China and India did not appear to need adjustment.
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图2.1
:Top income shares from the World Top Incomes Database,http://topin comes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/,downloaded 27 September 2014.Gini coefficients
:see Sources for Figures 1.1 (US) and 1.2 (UK); for Denmark,the coefficients are from Anthony B.Atkinson and Jakob Sgaard,“The Long Run History of Income Inequality in Denmark,Scandinavian Journal of Economics, forthcoming,Figure 4.
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图2.2
:Data for Finland,Norway,and Sweden from Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality, http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.Data for top shares for Denmark from the World Top Incomes Database,http://topin comes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/,downloaded 27 September 2014; for the source of data for the Gini coefficient for Denmark,see Figure 2.1 Sources.
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图2.3
:Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality,http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.
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图2.4
:Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman,“Capital Is Back
:Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries,1700-2010,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (2014)
:1255-1310,online appendix table A50,http://gabriel-zucman.eu/capitalisback/.No data are given in the original source for the 1950s for Australia,Canada,Italy,or Japan.
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图2.5
:Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality,http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.
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图2.6
:Socio Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SEDLAC),(CEDLAS and The World Bank),http://sedlac.econo.unlp.edu.ar/eng/,downloaded 5 October 2014.
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图2.7
:Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chartbook of Economic Inequality,http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/.
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图3.2
:UK Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE),and the New Earnings Survey (NES) that preceded ASHE; data for 2006 and after are from the website of the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS); data before 2006 are from Anthony B.Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings (Oxford
:Oxford University Press,2008),Tables S4 and S5.The series are linked forwards in 2000 to join the NES and ASHE data,and in 2004 and 2006 to take account of changes in the methodology.
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图5.1
:I am grateful to David Hendry for supplying this series
:David F.Hendry,Macro-econometrics
:An Introduction (London
:Timberlake Consultants,2015).
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图5.2
:Eurostat,Labour Market Policy—Expenditure and Participants,Data 2010 (Luxembourg
:Publications Office of the European Union,2012).The UK data are from the 2008 publication because no data were supplied by the UK government for the 2010 report.The expenditure in the UK in 2008 related to the—since abolished—New Deal for 18-24 Voluntary Sector and Environment Task Force options.
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图5.3
:European Commission,Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2013(Luxembourg
:Publications Office of the European Union,2014),Chart 34,p.158.
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图5.4
:International Labour Organization (ILO),Global Wage Report 2012/13, Figure 28.
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图6.1A
:The wealth shares are from Anthony B.Atkinson and Salvatore Morelli,Chart-book of Economic Inequality; total wealth series is based on Facundo Alvaredo,Anthony B.Atkinson,and Salvatore Morelli,“Top Wealth Shares in the UK
:1895 to 2010.”Wealth is adjusted to 2000 prices using the composite consumer price index constructed by the Office for National Statistics
:Jim O’Donoghue,Louise Goulding,and Grahame Allen,“Consumer Price Inflation since 1750,” Economic Trends 604 (March 2004)
:38-46,Table 1.
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图6.1B
:See Figure 6.1a Sources.National income figures for 1923,1937,and 1950 are from Charles H.Feinstein,Statistical Tables of National Income,Expenditure and Output of the U.K.1855-1965(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1976),Table 1,column 13 (net national product).Figures for 1975 are from United Kingdom National Accounts 1997 (The Blue Book)(London
:HMSO,1997),Table 1.1.The Blue Book 1997 provides a figure for 1996,but the change to the European System of Accounts 1995 means that figures for later years are not given on the same basis.The 1996 figure has been updated to 2000 by the increase in gross value added at current basic prices from the Blue Book 2005, Table 1.4.
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