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要实施遵循比较优势的战略，需要政府维持一个开放、自由、竞争性的市场。政府也可采取产业政策，促进企业的产业升级和技术升级。但是，产业政策的使用应局限于信息分享、投资协调以及对先行者带来的外部性的补偿方面。
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不管作用是好还是坏，发展中国家的政府在该国的经济发展方面都起到了重要作用。正如Lewis（1965）所说：“没有明智的政府的正面刺激，没有哪个国家能实现经济的进步……另一方面，政府的不当行为妨碍经济的例子也很多。”在这里我要指出的是，要使一个发展中国家的政府成为明智的政府，最重要的任务是选择正确的发展战略。
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