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They all raised their hands.
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意思仍然是各人只举一只手,习惯上都知道是举单手不是举双手,虽则可能含有双手之意。不过真正要分别的话,我们还是可以说 their both hands 来表示举双手的。原则上多数人就要用复数名词,参考下面各种例句:
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I make up my mind.(下决心。)
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They make up their minds.
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You must not speak ill of a man to his face.(不要当面说人坏话。)
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You must not speak ill of others to their faces.
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Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.(不要背后说人坏话。)
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Do not speak ill of others behind their backs.
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但是请看下面二例:
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(a) The three men were nodding their heads.
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(b) The three men were nodding their head.
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据 G. H. Vallins 在 Perfect Your English( P.107)中说,上面的(a)例,意为三个人每个人都有一个以上的头,而(b)
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例的意思则为三个人共一个头,所以用复数或单数都一样的有毛病,但除此二者之外,没有其他更好的说法,只得从二者择其一,勉强用了(b)型。所以我说有时是英文本身不完善的地方,无法说得满意的。
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但有些名词如 way 是不要加复数的,例如:
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They continued their way on foot.(他们继续徒步前进了。)
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He worked his way through university as a day laborer.(他做着日薪工人赚钱读完大学。)
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The red cows on the farther hill ate their way slowly toward the north.—— John Steinbeck(在远处山上的那些赤牛慢慢地吃着草向北走去。)
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英文疑难详解 4.不可以说 I am a good friend with him
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“我和他是好朋友。”译作 I am a good friend with him.为什么不对?应该怎样译,才合英文的惯用语法?
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【解答】应说 I am good friends with him.主语分明是单数,下接的补语却要改成复数,原是英文的一种特殊的表现法,在其他的语言,如法文、德文或意大利文里面都没有的。这是两个不同的表现法混淆起来,所变成的一个四不像的杂种。在现代英文中,这种构成的习语,习见不鲜,从主张纯正英文( Pure English)的学者看来,这简直是把英文糟蹋了,所以他们对于这个的专门术语,叫作“污染”(contamination),不幸的是,这种污染的英文,居然被惯用法(usage)所认可,而成为现代英文的一部分了。
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原来是两句很通顺的英文,一句说 I am friendly with him.(我和他友善。);一句说 He and I are friends.(我和他是朋友。)这两句混合起来便成为了 I am friends with him 了。这个混血儿的产生为时是很早的,因为 Shakespeare 在他著的《亨利四世》上卷第三幕第三场二百零二行中,便有这样的说法:
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“ I am good friends with my father”,says Prince Hal,“and may do any thing.”(我和我父亲已经回复旧好,现在我什么事情都可以做了。)(虞尔昌译)
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英文表示“与人亲密”或“与人重修旧好”的意思,就用 to be (或 make 或 keep) friends with 这个习语。但也有用单数的时候,不过不是说友善,如 He is our friend.(他是我党。)I am a friend to (或 of)liberty.(我爱自由。)He is no friend to (或 of)peace and order.(他不维护治安。)He is a friend to commerce.(他赞助商务。)等等皆是。
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