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(a) The prisoner desired to see his wife before his execution.( Obj. Poss.)
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(b) His execution of the task was admirable.( Subj. Poss.)
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在上面两个主格作用的句子(b)当中,属格的用法是简单明了的,用不着多加说明。惟有宾格作用的用法值得注意。例如(a)句中的 her loss 及 his execution 是可以改为 the loss of his mother(失恃)及 the execution of the prisoner(将囚犯处死),但不能说 his mother’s loss 及 the prisoner’s execution.
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所有格如果是用于宾格作用的话,惯用法是要用代名词,而不用名词的。对人如此,对物亦然。上例说,“失去他的母亲”而用 his mother’s loss,是宾格作用,所以不行,如果是主格作用,意为“他母亲的损失”,自然是可以说的了。我们不能说 the article’s use,但可以说 its use;我们不能说 a room’s length,但可以说 its length,例如:
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If you deny my statement, I can produce witnesses to prove its truth.(如果你要否认我的陈述,我可以提出证据来证明它的真实。)
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这种宾格作用常要发生误解,最好尽量少用,因为意义暧昧不明。至于主格作用与宾格作用,也是很难分辨的,例如美总统林肯的名言:government of the people,by the people and for the people,句中的 by the people,显然是主格作用,而 for the people,显然是宾格作用,但 of the people 就是二者皆可的。
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英文疑难详解 10.属格代名词的绝对型,反身属格的用法
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“她有点私房钱。”一句话,为什么不可以译成 She has some her own property.而必须要译作 She has some property of her own.才对?
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【解答】英文的属格代名词原有两种形态,一是说出名词的,一是不说出名词的,前者为普通型,后者称绝对型( Absolute Form)。如 Your house is larger than mine (=my house).用了绝对型的 mine,就可避免重复说 house 一个名词了。当那名词前面用有 a,any,some,no,this,that 等字样时,这个绝对型常要用在 of 之后,而构成英文的双重属格( Double Possessive),例如:
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A friend of mine is desirous of seeing your house.(我的一个朋友想要看看你的屋子。)
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That is no business of yours.(那不关你的事。)
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That was a shocking mistake of yours.(那是你的一个大错。)
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Where did you buy that watch of yours?(你那只表是哪里买的?)
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May I look at this photograph-album of yours?(你的这本照相簿我可以看看吗?)
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如果不用代名词而改用名词的时候,就要在名词上附加 Apostrophe “s”,才能同样地表示出属格来,例如:
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Any friend of my brother’s is welcome.(任何一位我兄弟的朋友我都欢迎他来。)
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It was no fault of the doctor’s.—— Irving(那不是医生的过错。)
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Which house of your neighbour’s was burnt down?(你附近的哪一幢房子烧掉了?)
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That really beautiful speech of your husband’s.(你丈夫说的真够漂亮的话。)
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反身属格( Reflexive Possessive)的 my own,your own,his own 等,也是采用这种形式,当那名词前面附有 a,any,some,no,this,that 一类的字眼时,尤其是与动词 have 同用的时候,例如:
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He has no house of his own。(他没有自己的房子。)
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She has no children of her own.(她没有亲生的儿女。)
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Has she any money of her own?(她自己有钱吗?)
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