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I earnestly desire your friendship.(渴望垂爱。)
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He needed friendship.(嘤鸣求友。)
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I need not say that I shall always hold in grateful remembrance your proven friendship in this hour of need.(你在我穷困的时候,仍然照旧地对我表示深厚的交情,使我永远感戴不忘。)
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(2)普通名词的用例:
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A close friendship was established between the two.(二人之间建立了密切的友谊。)
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Explosive epistles blast friendships.(过激的书信破坏友情。)
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They broke off a friendship of twenty years’ standing.(二十年的交情毁于一旦。)
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I have a friendship with him.(我和他有交游。)
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We’ll keep old friendships in repair.(继续维持多年的友谊。)
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He was endeared to me by a warm friendship of40years.(他是我极要好的四十年的老朋友。)
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至于 friendship 的单数形与复数形在用法上的区别,除上述单数的“友谊”和复数的“友善”外,还有下面这样一点分别:
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复数形常指“许多朋友彼此之间的交谊”,例如大学同学可以培养出许多的友善关系,就说 college friendships.至于两个人之间的友谊,如说 the friendship between Henry and James,就不可以改成 friendships.质问中的句子是说一个人对其余一些人之间的友谊,所以也不宜用复数。
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英文疑难详解 Ⅱ.代名词
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13.不可以说 I think to do so my duty.须用代名词 it 来代替不定词,而说成 I think it my duty to do so.
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“我觉得这样做是我的义务。”译成英文为 I think to do so my duty.为什么不通呢?
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【解答】英文的不定词近乎是一个万能的词儿,它可以作名词、形容词、副词用。所谓名词,如 To teach is to learn.(教学相长),主语是一定要用名词的。还有宾语也非名词不可,所以 I like to teach.(我喜欢教书),to teach 是动词 like 的宾语,自然也成为名词了。但用作主语或宾语,总是不太好的,惯用法要尽量避免,例如 To waste time is wrong.(浪费时间是不对的。)在文法上原不错,不过英文惯用法爱把这句说成:
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It is wrong to waste time.这表示不喜欢用不定词作主语,要凭空找出一个代名词的“it”来,放在主语的地位上,而把原有的不定词移到后面去。在宾语的场合,就比这更为严格,简直认为说 He does not think to waste time wrong.是错误的,原因是念起来太拗口了,他们一定要说: He does not think it wrong to waste time.句中的“it”就是代表不定词的,因为作宾语用的不定词是最受反对的。质问中所提出的例句,译得不通就是这个道理,应改译为: I think it my duty to do so.
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在“作为动词”中的 think,find,show,prove 等字,后面接的宾语,如果是不定词时,务必加一个“it”进去,说来就合乎惯用法了。再举一例如下:
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我认为那个要实行很难。
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不可译作 I found to put it in practice very difficult.应该用一个“it”来放在不定词的地位上,然后把那原来的不定词移到句子的后面去,即 I found it very difficult to put it in practice.
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有时候为加强语气也用得着这个代名词的“it”,例如说 A teacher’s duty is to teach,或 to teach is a teacher’s duty.(一个教师的义务就是教书。)并不为错,但为着加强语气而改成了:
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It is a teacher’s duty to teach.如果追问 what is a teacher?(教师是干什么的?)那回答说: A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach.(教师是一个有教书义务的人。)但如果要把上面含有加重语气的“it”的句子作为根据来回答时,便是:
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A teacher is a person whose duty it is to teach.普通这种含有关系代名词的复句,大都是用加重的说法如:
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