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上举五种用法中的第二种,也许是从拉丁文的 gnomic perfect 的用法遗传下来的。 Jespersen 把它叫作 Generic preterite(一般的过去), Sweet, Poutsma 诸人又称之为 Neutral preterite(中立过去),无非是说它是跨有过去、现在、未来三个时候,来表示 eternal truth(不变的真理)而使用的。其他的例,还有:
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Men were deceivers ever.(人总是好欺骗的。)(出自莎剧 Much Ado About Nothing 二幕三场六十五行。)
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Faint heart never won fair lady.(胆小的人决找不到漂亮的太太。)(谚语)
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The course of true love never did run smooth.(好事多磨。)(出自莎剧 Mids. N. D.一幕一场一百三十四行。)
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英文疑难详解 74.“one of+名词”后面附句中的动词的数,要以那名词为准
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“李白是中国的最伟大的诗人之一。”译成英文为: Li Po is one of the greatest poets that has ever lived in China.译文据说错了,不知错在何处?
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【解答】应改为 Li Po is one of the greatest poets that have ever lived in China.才对,因为 that 指 poets,不是指 one,所以要接复数动词。当然依照文法来看,of the greatest poets,原是一个形容词一般的修饰语句,不能视为主语字的,例如:
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She was watching some pieces of linen cloth which were stretched out on the grass for the purpose of bleaching.(她正在看守着一些晒在草地上来漂白的麻布。)
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句中 were 就是接承 pieces 的动词,如果接 cloth 的话就要用 was,可见 of the cloth 是用来修饰 pieces 的形容词,主体还是 pieces 呢。只有“one of+名词”是一个例外,后面附句中的动词的数,不以 one,而以“of”后的名词为准,这在文法上虽讲不过去,但在逻辑上是极其合理的。因为 one of the poets 是其中之一,他是诗人,其余的人也都是诗人,不能把他看作例外的。我们也可以说 one 与 poets 是有同一性的,但 pieces 与 cloth 却是判然不同的两件事物。再请看下列例句:
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There are many breaches of custom which are not condemned by law or by religion,but which are forbidden by public opinion and punished by the disapproval of the community.(有许多破坏习俗的行为,并不受法律或宗教的指责,而是受舆论所禁止,因大众的非难而受到处罚。)
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It was one of those trains which give you an understanding of eternity.—— A. G. Gardiner(那是使人懂得什么是永远的那种火车之一。)
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但如果在 one 之前加有冠词等的话,情形就完全不同了,例如:
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This is the one of the books on the subject that has ever been written in Chinese.(这是关于这个问题用中文写的一本代表作。)
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She is the only one of the few girls of my acquaintance that is acquainted with the old poet.(她是我认识的极少数的女子中与那老诗人相识的唯一的一个。)
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在以上二例中,第一句中的“that”是指“the one”不是指“books”的,所以动词用“has”;而第二句中的“that”是指“the only one”,不是指“girls”的,所以动词用“is”。这是特别加重 the one 及 the only one 的缘故,才使得后面的动词与之一致的,说话者的心目中只有那一本书,或那一个女子,其观念是单一的,自然用的动词也变成单数了。有时甚至不加冠词,也不能说是绝对的错,因为至少在文法上是说得过去的。
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英文疑难详解 75.动词后接表示动作的字可分三种
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A travel agency announced not to accept any more bookings for tourist travel to China.(旅行社公告不再接受前往中国游览的订票。)这句英文据说是错误的,但不知错在什么地方?
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【解答】英文的动词后面表示动作时接什么字句是有一定的,大约可以分为三类:第一类是接不定词,第二类是接名词子句或名词,第三类是二者皆可。例如:
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(1) He agreed to go at once.(他同意立刻去。)
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(2) He admits that the accusation is just.(= He admits the justice of the accusation.)(他承认这种控告是正当的。)
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(3) He likes to read (or reading)novels.(他喜欢读小说。)
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