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(3) Whatever be our fate,let us not add guilt to our misfortunes.—— Goldsmith
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假设未来( Subjunctive Future):条件句用 should be;归结句接(1)shall(或 will 等)be,(2)should (或 would 等)be,(3)命令语气,例如:
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(1) If it should be true, I shall be very happy.
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(2) If I should fail, I would try again.
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(3) If he should come,please give this to him.
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假设过去( Subjunctive Past):条件句用 were 或其他的过去动词;归结句接(1)should (或 would 等)be,(2)should (或 would 等)have been.例如:
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(1) If I were a bird, I would fly to you.又 If I tried, I could do it.又 If I did not obey him, I might be punished.
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(2) If we lived in those days, I should have been a knight.—— Meredith
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假设过去完成( Subjunctive Past Perfect):条件句用 had been,归结句接(1)should (或 would 等)have been,(2)should (或 would 等)be.例如:
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(1) If he had been young,he would have gone.又 If I had drunk it, I should have died.又 If I had not obeyed him, I might have been punished.
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(2) If he had worked hard in his youth,he would be a rich man now.(cf. If he had worked hard in his youth,he would have made a fortune.)
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英文疑难详解 81.假设语气的时态和实际时间的比较
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假设语气也分现在、过去、未来种种时态,但和我们实际时间上的现在、过去、未来并不一致,常使初学者感到混乱。请就假设语气的时态与实际的时间作一比较,详细加以说明。
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【解答】英文动词时态的现在、过去、未来的用法,和实际的时间是大致相符合的,但英文中有一种特别的时态是中文所没有的,那就是完成时态( Perfect Tense)。完成时态中又分现在、过去、未来三种,现在完成时态是表示从过去到现在为止的一段时期;过去完成时态则是表示过去的过去,如讲故事的人都是用过去时态来讲述当时发生的事情的,如果说到那以前发生的事情就须用过去完成时态。至于未来完成时态,则是用于说到了未来某个时候就可以完成的事。
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英文的假设语气,原有两大作用:一为用来表达不确实的事情( Uncertainty),乃至怀疑的事情( Doubt),另一为用来表达想像的事情( Supposition)。
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说实际时候的现在,可用假设现在( Subjunctive Present)来表示怀疑或不确实的事情。例如:
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If a man once fall,all will tread upon him.(落井下石。)
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If your desires be endless,your cares will be so,too.(欲望无穷,忧亦无穷。)
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又可用假设过去( Subjunctive Past)来表想像的事情,例如:
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If I were a bird, I would fly to you.(我要是一只鸟我就飞到你跟前来了。)
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I would to Heaven I had your potency.—— Shakespeare(我希望我要有你那样的能力就好了。)
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说实际时候的过去,可用假设现在完成( Subjunctive Present Perfect)或假设未来完成( Subjunctive Future Perfect),以表怀疑或不确实的事情,例如:
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If you have done with the book,please return it to me.(那本书看完了,请还给我。)
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