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英文疑难详解 97.ought to 的用法
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英文助动词 ought 意为有义务,如“人民有爱国的义务”。可译成 People ought to love their country.但另见有句云: He ought to have succeeded.成败非个人意志所能左右,更无义务可言,请就此种用法,加以阐述。
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【解答】助动词 ought,原为动词 owe 的过去式,现在英文已将 owed 用作 owe 的过去式了,而让 ought 专作助动词,用于表义务( Duty 或 Obligation)的直觉的意义上,尤其是“道义上当然应做的事”(moral obligation)。动词 owe 现在主要含义虽为“负债”,但仍可作“负有(义务)”解,如 We owe our duty to our country.(我们对国家应尽义务。)我们用 should 也可表道义上应做的事,不过用 ought 则表示最强烈的义务观念。
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You ought to respect your parents.(你应当尊敬父母。)
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One ought to pay what one owes.(欠别人的钱有归还的义务。)
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You ought not to promise what you cannot perform.(做不到的事不应当答应。)
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Such things ought not to be said in company.(这样的事不应当众来说。)
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Your father ought to know it.(= You ought to tell your father.)(此事理应告诉你父亲。)
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这些例句都是用于 outht 的原意的,但 ought 还有一个引申的用法,它可转变为推量( Inference)的意思,即是“道理上当然必有的事”( Natural necessity),表示那样的结果是应当有的。质问中所提出的 He ought to have succeeded.便是这种用法,他如:
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He is an Englishman;he ought to know English.(= It is quite natural that he should know English; No wonder that he should.)(他是英国人,当然懂英语。)
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He ought to be there if he started at six.(他如六时动身应该已经到达那里了。)
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I have lived here all my life,so I ought to know the neighbourhood well.(我一生住在此地,我当然熟悉这地方的情形。)
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If you cannot do it,how ought I?(你都办不到,我怎么行?)
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We ought to have fine weather after this long rain.(下了这么久的雨,也应该晴了。)
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在 ought 后既可接用单纯式( Simple Form),也可接用完成式( Perfect Form)。完成式 ought to have done 的原意是应做而未做,有未能尽应尽的义务,或怠忽应有的义务( Omission of Duty),或受到行为不当( Commission of Impropriety)的谴责,例如:
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Have you not paid him? You ought to have paid him.(= You did wrong not to pay him.)(你还没有付钱给他吗?这是不应该的。)
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Why did you not go? You ought to have gone.(你为何不去?你去了就好了。)
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Have you not begun it? You ought to have begun it long ago.(你还未开始吗?你早应该开始的。)
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这个 ought to have done 也可由转变意思的“推量”而具有理论上当然的结果,其不然者实不合理。
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He ought to have arrived by this.(= It is quite natural that he should have arrived by this.)(现在他应该已经到了。)
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Has he failed? Such a hard worker ought to have succeeded.(他失败了吗?他那样用功理应成功,失败诚出意外。)
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Has he succeeded? Such an idle fellow ought not to have succeeded.(他成功了吗?以他那样懒惰的人,理应失败,成功诚出意外。)
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