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在 ought 后既可接用单纯式( Simple Form),也可接用完成式( Perfect Form)。完成式 ought to have done 的原意是应做而未做,有未能尽应尽的义务,或怠忽应有的义务( Omission of Duty),或受到行为不当( Commission of Impropriety)的谴责,例如:
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Have you not paid him? You ought to have paid him.(= You did wrong not to pay him.)(你还没有付钱给他吗?这是不应该的。)
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Why did you not go? You ought to have gone.(你为何不去?你去了就好了。)
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Have you not begun it? You ought to have begun it long ago.(你还未开始吗?你早应该开始的。)
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这个 ought to have done 也可由转变意思的“推量”而具有理论上当然的结果,其不然者实不合理。
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He ought to have arrived by this.(= It is quite natural that he should have arrived by this.)(现在他应该已经到了。)
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Has he failed? Such a hard worker ought to have succeeded.(他失败了吗?他那样用功理应成功,失败诚出意外。)
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Has he succeeded? Such an idle fellow ought not to have succeeded.(他成功了吗?以他那样懒惰的人,理应失败,成功诚出意外。)
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英文疑难详解 98.need 的用法
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He doesn’t need to be told . He needn’t be told.两句不知意义和用法上有何不同?这个 need 可作正动词用,又可作助动词用,请将其用法上的区别举例说明。
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【解答】 He doesn’t need to be told.意为“他已经知道,用不着告诉他。”是强调现状的说法。 He needn’t be told.意为“他知道的,用不着告诉他。”是强调今后的行为的说法。
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关于正动词 need 的用法,和普通动词一样,第三人称单数现在要加“s”,过去式要加“ed”,字前可加用助动词,例如:
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Each of us needs to master such a foolish fear.(我们每个人都必须把这样愚蠢的恐怖心理加以克服。)
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She did not need to be told twice.(对她只消说一遍就行了。)
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He has never needed to hurry more than now.(他从来没有现在这样需要急忙的。)
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I may need to come in again in a few days.(也许过几天我还得再来。)
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Not needing to hurry, I walked along leisurely.(既不用忙,我就很悠闲地慢慢走去了。)
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I made them much bigger than I need to have done.—— Jespersen(我把它们做得比必要的大多了。)
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That does not need accounting for.= That needs no accounting for.(那个不必解释。)
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关于助动词 need 的用法,照文法上的规则,是在问句和否定句中,need 要拿来当助动词用,即是主语第三人称单数现在不加“s”,不用 Do- Form,后接无“to”的不定词,不过也常有例外。
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Need he hurry?(他必须赶快吗?)这句改用正动词也是一样的意思: Does he need to hurry?
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You need not have given yourself such trouble.(你原用不着这样给自己找麻烦的。)
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It need not be true.(这不一定是事实。)
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