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英文疑难详解 198.as follows
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He made the statements as follows.(他发表声明如下。)句中的 as,依照文法解释,是一个关系代名词,后面接的动词,在数上应与前面的名词符合,名词既系复数的 statements,后面为何不接用 as follow?
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【解答】依照文法规定,质问中所举的例句,自然是改成 He made the statements as follow.较为合理,也确曾有人这样改写,不过还是采用 as follows 的形式为妥,因为这是古文遗下来的成语,follows 原是一个非人称动词( Impersonal Verb),不问主语是单数或复数,通例都是用第三人称单数现在时态的形式。例如:
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His words were as follows.(他说的话是这样的。)
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The reply will run as follows.(回答将是下面这样。)
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Just before the battle, the general addressed his army as follows.(在开仗前不久,将官向他的军队训话如下。)
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The terms and stipulations are as follows.—— Clarence Stratton(条件规定如下。)
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在现代英语中,已亡失 it 的非人称动词的字句,还留着有 methinks, meseems, as regards, as follows 等。methinks 等字中是把宾语的 me 移到字的头上去了。古文 methinks 和 meseems,现在惯用的形式为 it seems to me.
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John B. Opdycke 说 The items are as follows.原为 The items are such as those that follow.之略。又 Lois Irene Hutchinson 也认为照字面看似应写成 The items are as follow.的形式,不过一般都是说 as follows,虽则偶然也见到 as follow 的例,但那是违背历史源流的。如果懂得它的历史背景的话,就会觉得用 as follows 是合理的呢。
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我们现在常说的 if you please 一个片语,也是同样的情形。一般人以为 you 是 please 的主语是错误的,从历史的演变看,you 是非人称动词 please 的宾语,即 if you please 实系从 if it please you 变来的,因系假设语气,所以说 it please,不说 it pleases.我们不妨比较下例:
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And thus,if it please me, I may sit all day long.—— Gissing(这样,我高兴的话,可以坐上一天不动。)
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英文中常见的句子,如:
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He was absent,as is often the case. (他照例不到。)
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You have done more than is necessary.(你比必要的还做得更多。)
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这些句中的关系代名词 as 等字后面的动词,也是用的非人称动词,即是说 as 的先行词为 it(it 代表 He was absent 一句)。
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英文疑难详解 199.give the cold shoulder to
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Dickens 在他著的 Old Curiosity Shop 一书中,有 He gives me the cold shoulder on this very matter.一句,不知应如何译法?请就 give the cold shoulder 这个成语,详为说明。
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【解答】这句英文可译作“他在这件事情上待我冷淡”。凡是给人冷淡的待遇,表示对之厌恶或不喜欢,或者轻蔑,不理睬,就叫作 give the cold shoulder to him.生于美国后改入英国籍的作家 Henry James 在他的名著 Daisy Miller 一书中说:
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“ What will they do to me?”(他们会怎样对待我呀?)
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“ They will give you the cold shoulder. Do you know what means?”(他们会“给你冷肩”吧。你懂得那是什么意思吗?)
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这是书中美国青年 Winterbourne 给一个美国少女的忠告,因为她跟意大利人 Giovanelli 同游,而引起在罗马的美国人的闲话。所以这里说的“给以冷肩”是指对某人的交游齿冷(to have a distaste for her company),或嗤之以鼻的意思。也许她从前的好朋友现在也因为她交上了那个外国流氓而不理睬她了,就说: The old friends she had once known so well gave her the cold shoulder.再看别的文人对这个成语的采用情形:
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From that time his degeneration was rapid. The white people gave him the cold shoulder. They were only prevented from cutting him completely by disdainful pity.—— W. S. Maugham, The Trembling of a Leaf(从那时起他堕落得极为迅速。白人都对他持敬远态度,他们之所以没有完全与之绝交的,只是因为有点可怜他。)
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