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[20]Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm，” Theory and Society, 6, 1978.
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[21]James W. Carey, “A Cultural Approach to Communication，” Communication as Culture, New York: Routledge, 1989, pp.11—28.
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[22]James W. Carey, “The Chicago School and the History of Mass Communication Research，” in Eve Stryker Munson and Catherine A. Warren, eds., James Carey: A Critical Reader, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp.14—33; Jefferson Pooley, “Daniel Czitrom, James W. Carey, and the Chicago School，” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24（5）, 2007, pp.469—472.
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[23]Stuart Hall, “The Rediscovery of ‘Ideology’: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies，” in Michael Gurevitch, et al., eds., Culture, Society and the Media, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1982；〔英〕David Morley：《电视、观众与文化研究》，冯建三译，台北：远流出版公司1995年版，第85—90页。
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[24]近年来，随着媒体技术的发展，信息渠道增多，受众进一步碎片化、选择性增强、极化现象严重，大众媒体的效果重新变得极其有限。见Lance W. Bennett & Shanto Iyengar, “A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication，” Journal of Communication, 58，2008, pp.707—731。
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[25]Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm，” Theory and Society, 6, 1978.
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[26]Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton, “Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action，” in Lyman Bryson, ed., The Communication of Ideas, New York: The Institute for Religious and Social Studies, 1948.
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[27]Peter Simonson and Gabriel Weimann, “Critical Research at Columbia: Lazarsfeld’s and Merton’s ‘Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action’，” in Elihu Katz, et al., eds., Canonic Texts in Media Research, Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003.
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[28]Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm，” Theory and Society, 6, 1978, pp.219—220.
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[29]John Summers, “Perpetual Revelations: C. Wright Mills and Paul Lazarsfeld，” ANNALS, AAPSS, 608, Nov. 2006, pp.25—40.
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[30]Paddy Scannell, “Personal Influence and the End of the Masses，” ANNALS, AAPSS, 608, Nov. 2006, pp.115—129.
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[31]Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication, Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 1955, p．234.
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[32]胡翼青：《对“魔弹论”的再思考》，《国际新闻界》2009年第8期。
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[33]Paul Lazarsfeld, “Communication Research and the Social Psychologist，” in W. Dennis, ed., Current Trends in Social Psychology, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1948, pp.218—273.
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[34]Elihu Katz, “Lazarsfeld’s Map of Media，” International Journal of Opinion Research, 13（3）, 2001.
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[35]其具体原因及反思见周葆华：《转型年代：效果研究的聚集与哥伦比亚学派的兴起》，《国际新闻界》2010年第4期。
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[36]Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1955, pp.16—17.
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[37]Deborah Lubken, “Remembering the Straw Man: The Travels and Adventures of Hypodermic，” in David W. Park, Jefferson Pooley, eds., The History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories, New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
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[38]〔美〕大卫•E.莫里森：《寻找方法：焦点小组和大众传播研究的发展》，柯惠新、王宁译，北京：新华出版社2004年版，第113—114页。
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[39]Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “Remarks on Administrative and Critical Communication Research，” Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 9, 1941, pp.3—16.
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[40]Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir，” in Donald Fleming & Bernard Bailyn, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930—1960, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969, p．325.
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[41]Herta Herzog, “On Borrowed Experience，” Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 11（1）, 1941.
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[42]见〔美〕大卫•E.莫里森：《寻找方法：焦点小组和大众传播研究的发展》，柯惠新、王宁译，北京：新华出版社2004年版。
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[43]David Morrison, “Kultur and Culture: the Case of Theodor Adorno and P．F. Lazarsfeld，” Social Research, 45, 1978, pp.347—359.
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[44]〔美〕大卫•E.莫里森：《寻找方法：焦点小组和大众传播研究的发展》，柯惠新、王宁译，北京：新华出版社2004年版，第178页。
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