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1704907971
35. U. B. Phillips, ed.: The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, American Historical Association Annual Report, 1911, Vol. II, p. 188.
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36. Leonard D. White: The Jacksonians, p. 27. 关于国会和公共机构的堕落,见pp. 25-7, 32532, 343-6, 398-9, 411-420.
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37.An Autobiography (Boston, 1916) pp. 43-4. 当然这发生在有名的“布鲁克斯攻击萨姆纳事件”(assault on Sumner by Brooks)之后几年。就在同一年,一位国会众议员在华盛顿特区因为不满餐厅侍者的态度而持枪将他射杀。关于19世纪50年代国会的状态,参见Roy F. Nichols: The Disruption of American Democracy (New York, 1948), pp. 2-3, 68, 188-91, 273-6, 284-7, 331-2. 关于政府效率下滑,参见David Donald在就任哈佛大学哈姆斯沃思讲席教授时的演讲,“An Excess of Democracy: The American Civil War and the Social Process” (Oxford, 1960). 关于美国南方政客领导能力的衰败,参见Clement Eaton: Freedom of Thought in the Old South (Durham, 1940), and Charles S. Sydnor: The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819-1848 (Baton Rouge, 1948), especially chapter 12.
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38.Writings, edited by Bergh, Vol. XI (Washington, 1904), pp. 423-4; 强调是我加的。
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39. 关于美国公务员制度的历史,我参考了Leonard D. White宝贵的历史作品:The Federalists (New York, 1948), The Jeffersonians (New York, 1951), The Jacksonians,最后这本前面已有引用,还有The Republican Era 1869-1901 (New York, 1958). Paul P. Van Riper在其History of the United States Civil Service (Evanston, Illinois, 1958), p. 11说道:“美国立国之初,联邦政府的政治效能是世界最高的,因为它没有贪腐。”
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40. John Adams: Works (Boston, 1854), Vol. IX, p. 87. 亚当斯对此并非全盘否定,他本人并未建议禁止反对党,以免殃及“联邦政府里某些最能干、最有影响力、品格最好的人”。
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41. Van Riper曾说,杰斐逊总统因为任用很多私人关系,故与杰克逊一样都可算是美国恩庇制的创始者。但是如果从被任命者的能力与社会属性来看,他的政府并没有改变联邦政府公务员基本上是上层社会人士这样的本质。op. cit., p. 23.
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42. J. D. Richardson, ed.: Messages and Papers of the Presidents (NewYork, 1897), Vol. III, pp. 1011-12. 有几位历史学者指出,杰克逊撤掉的人并不多。相反,他的政府在裁撤官员方面是出了名的理性。后来,美国深陷恩庇制,以致引发党派内讧。19世纪50年代,民主党便分成了布坎南派和皮尔斯派,后者最终出局。
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43. 事实上,职位轮替的原则并不能完全按照杰克逊派宣称的那样实行。这一制度后来演变成了Leonard D. White所谓的“双轨制”,也就是恩庇制和终身制并行。一些官员在恩庇制下来来去去,同时有一部分核心官员则终身留在政府内。见The Jacksonians, pp. 347-62.
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1704907989
第七章 改革者的命运
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1.The New York Times, October 24, 1868. 许多年来,巴特勒把精英阶级对他的恨当作他的政治资产。他的一位支持者在1884年说,他赢得选举是因为“所有势利小人及半吊子的人都痛恨他,哈佛也不让他读法学院”。H. C. Thomas: Return of the Democratic Party to Power in 1884 (New York, 1919), p. 139.
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2. 巴特勒在这次选举中想要离间达纳与劳工阶级,所以他就抓住达纳戴白手套这件事抨击他。达纳只好承认他有时会戴白手套,穿着整齐的衣服,但是他向演讲的听众保证,他曾经做过两年的水手:“我以前和你们一样干过脏活。”Benjamin F. Butler: Butler’s Book (Boston, 1892), pp. 921-2.
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3. Adams to C. M. Gaskell, October 25, 1870, in W. C. Ford, ed.: Letters of Henry Adams (Boston, 1930), p. 196.
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4. J. R. Lowell to Godkin, December 20, 1871, in Rollo Ogden, ed.: Life and Letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin (New York, 1907), Vol. II, p. 87; C. E. Norton to Godkin, November 3, 1871, in Ari Hoogenboom: Outlawing the Spoils (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), p. 99.
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5. George Haven Putnam: Memories of a Publisher (New York, 1915), p. 112.
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6. 我对于这些改革者的概述是根据一份哥伦比亚大学的硕士论文对一百九十一名绅士的职业生涯的研究,James Stuart McLachlan: The Genteel Reformers: 1865-1884 (1958). 他的结论与Ari Hoogenboom对于下面这份对公务员制度改革者的研究相似,参见“An Analysis of Civil Service Reformers,” The Historian, Vol. XXIII (November, 1960), pp. 54-78. 而Van Riper则强调这些改革者重视个人自由与政治道德。op. cit., pp. 78-86.
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7.The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Modem Library edition; 1931), p. 265.
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8. Charles Francis Adams: An Autobiography (Boston, 1916), p. 190.
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9. E. L. Godkin: “The Main Question,” Nation, Vol. IX (October 14, 1869), p. 308.
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10. Adams: Education, pp. 261, 296, 320. Cf. James Bryce: “Why the Best Men Do Not Go into Politics,” The American Commonwealth (New York, 1897), Vol. II, chapter 57.
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11.Autobiography, pp. 15-16.
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12. 见“The Government of our Great Cities,” Nation, Vol. III (October 18, 1866), pp. 312-13; North American Review, Vol. CIII (October, 1866), pp. 413-65; Arthur F. Beringause: Brooks Adams (New York, 1955), pp. 60, 67; Barbara M. Solomon: Ancestors and Immigrants (Cambridge, Mass., 1956). 关于改革者的观点,见Geoffrey T. Blodgett的叙述“The Mind of the Boston Mugwump,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Vol. XLVIII (March, 1962), pp. 614-34.
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13. Adams to Gaskell, quoted in Ernest Samuels: The Young Henry Adams (Cambridge, Mass., 1948), p. 182. 请对比Putnam的观点:“我们希望,年轻人在大学这片知识的土地上,经过像耶鲁的威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳(William Graham Sumner)这样的教授教导之后,一年又一年地走出大学,会渐渐形成一股更为庞大的公共舆论力量,借助领袖的影响让大众选民理解他们自己的事业利益何在。”Putnam: op. cit., pp. 42-3.
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14. Quoted in Eric Goldman: Rendezvous with Destiny (New York, 1952), p. 24. 一位公务员改革的支持者指出,在“合众国早期”,上至内阁官员下至政府小职员,所有的公务员“基本都是从著名家庭中遴选出来的”,并认为公务员改革会重新恢复这一传统。Julius Bing: “Civil Service of the United States,” North American Review, Vol. CV (October, 1867), pp. 480-1.
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15. “The Place of the Independent in Politics,” Writings, Vol. VI (Cambridge, Mass., 1890), p. 190.
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