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gnarled［nɑːld］adj. 粗糙而扭曲的；多节的
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【记】联想记忆：gnarl（节） + ed→多节的
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【例】①The gnarled hand gives a glass of water to Maria.
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②We’re asking people to look out for and record trees which are particularly old, fat and gnarled.
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callous［ˈkæləs］adj. 无同情心的，硬心肠的，冷漠的
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【记】联想记忆：call（命令） + ous→命令通常是无情的→无同情心的
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【例】The company showed callous disregard for the safety of their employees.
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infringe［inˈfrindʒ］v. 违反，违背；干涉，侵犯，干扰
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【记】联想记忆：in（不） + fringe（界限，边缘）→不在界限之内→违反
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【例】①Don’t infringe my order.
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②No one has the right to infringe on other’s privacy.
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【用】常用搭配infringe on / upon… 表示“侵犯…”。
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retard［riˈtɑːd］vt. 使（某物）放慢或迟缓；阻碍，妨碍
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【记】词根记忆：re + tard（迟缓）→使迟缓→妨碍
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【例】While this kind of circumstance made Americans one of the most prolific and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time, it did not retard the steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade by decade an ever larger proportion of the people lived in cities. （2002听力）
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paramount［ˈpærəmaunt］adj. 至高无上的；首要的；胜过…的，卓越的
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【记】词根记忆：para（超） + mount（登上）→超过登上巅峰的→至高无上的
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【例】Man is a rebel. He is committed by his biology not to conform, and herein lies the paramount reason for the awful tension he experiences today in relation to society. （2001）
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【用】固定搭配(be) paramount to表示“高过，优于”。
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substantiate［səbˈstænʃieit］vt. 证实，证明
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【记】词根记忆：sub（下面） + st（站立） + antial→站在下面→证明
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【例】No evidence has been found to substantiate the words of the witness.
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【派】substantive（adj. 实质的；重要的）
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ineffectual［ˌiniˈfektʃuəl］adj. 无效的，徒劳无功的；不能干的
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【记】词根记忆：in + ef（表加强） + fect（做） + ual→做不出东西→无效的
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