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wood-pile, collection of firewood, heaped in a pile.
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stumps, the part of the tree that remains after the trunk and the branches have been cut off, usually a little of the trunk left protruding from the ground and the roots. Thoreau’s wood-pile is made up of these upturned stumps now dry and ready to be chopped up and burned.
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contending, fighting; struggling.
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chips, the thin pieces that fly out when one is chopping wood. These chips lay strewn over the whole ground, in Thoreau’s woodyard.
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incessantly, without stopping.
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combatants, fighters; warriors; contenders.
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“duellum” and“bellum.”Duellum is a contest between two persons, while bellum is the Latin word for war, a contest between two races, a war between many persons.
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pitted, matched in a fight; fighting; set in a pit to fight.
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legions . The legion was a body of soldiers, from 3,000 to 5,000 men, forming the principal unit of the ancient Roman army. The word is used here to denote a military force or army.
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Myrmidons . According to Greek mythology, the Myrmidons were a fierce Thessalian tribe, in northeast Greece, who colonized the island of Ægina. Homer immortalized them as the warriors of Achilles, the great Greek hero. They were said to be descendants of ants （Greek myrmex =ants）, metamorphosed into men. In this essay, the Myrmidons are taken as representatives of the best type of fighters.
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hills and vales, the uneven ground of his woodyard.
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internecine war, war to the death; war in which neither side was willing to yield, in which the ultimate result would be destruction of both sides.
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Why did the author use red with republicans , and black with imperialists ?
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resolutely, decidedly; steadfastly; full of resolution and determination.
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life went out, they were no longer alive; they were killed.
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sun went down, night came, when it was the custom in ancient times to stop the battle. After a night of rest, the battle was continued the next morning.
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vise, a tool or device having two jaws, closing by a screw, lever, cam，and the like. Here, the jaws of the ants are compared to the jaws of the vise.
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adversary, opponent; enemy.
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feelers, organs in the ant for testing things by touch or for searching for food. You might call them the arms of the ants.
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to go by the board, to go over the board or side of the ship; hence, figuratively, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow.
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dashed, flung; threw; knocked.
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divested, taken away from him; removed from him.
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members, feelers and other parts of ants.
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pertinacity, stubbornness; obstinacy. That species of dog known as bulldog, with its large jaws and stocky body, is noted for its stubbornness. Once a bulldog has his jaws on any part of your anatomy, he will not let loose, even if beaten to death with a stick.
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manifested, showed; displayed.
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