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a brilliant but unnecessary facade, a very attractive but really unnecessary false front or decoration.
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in 1871, after the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck, the creator of the new German Empire, became its first chancellor. William I was proclaimed emperor.
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the industrious masses, the working classes; those not of the royalty.
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forty-eight years later, 1918, when the peace conference at the end of the Great World War was held at Versailles.
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the last three emperors of Europe . In 1872, Bismarck had formed the Three Emperors League （Germany, Russia, and Austria）, in order to isolate France in diplomacy.
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twenty-two German dynasties, the rulers of the twenty-two states that made up the Germany previous to 1918.
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two humble citizens . The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, Germany being represented by Mr. Herman Müller and Dr. Bell.
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Nikolsburg, the treaty of Nikolsburg, July 26, 1866, between Prussia and Austria, concluding the Seven Weeks’ War. Bismarck counseled a moderate peace, for he desired Austria as a future ally.
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prototype, pattern; original or model that others later have copied.
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haven of retreat, refuge; shelter; place of refuge.
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sojourns, periods of residence or stay.
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protracted, lengthened; prolonged.
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ten full years, from the formation of the German-Austrian Alliance in 1879 to William II’s accession in 1888.
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arbiter, arbitrator; final authority in settling discussions.
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Wotan, Wagner’s name for Woden , the chief Germanic god, called by the Norse Odin . Woden has one eye, for he gave the other for some of his knowledge. In southern Germany, Woden was especially the god of battle.
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Questions
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1. What keynote to Bismarck’s character is found in the opening quotation?
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2. Of what importance was his powerful physique?
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3. In what ways did his character lack unity? How did this parallel the condition of Germany?
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4. What was his attitude towards principles?
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5. What was his primum mobile ?
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6. Was Bismarck ideologist or artist?
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7. What attracted Frederick William to Bismarck?
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8. Under what conditions could Bismarck act effectively? What drained his energies when not fighting?
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9. Why must he be said to be a revolutionary at bottom?
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