1705044770 对于大部分的译者来讲，他所面对的两种语言，其一是母语，其二是非母语。这个事实就置译者于非母语的审美的有利地位。古人云，久居兰室不闻其香，久入茅厕不闻其臭。此言道破了人类审美心理的一个弱点，即审美疲劳（aesthetic weariness）。同时，此言也告诉我们，以汉语为母语者的眼光来观察英语，其美感的直觉性也许是英语的native speakers所不可比拟的，而审美直觉又不是单向的，对英语的美感的直觉性又会反作用于对母语的美感直觉性。作为译者，对母语及非母语的美感直觉性同时会变得敏锐起来，完善起来。

1705044771

1705044772 美感具有直觉性，这种直觉性，虽然有强有弱，但是，有一点是共同的，那就是始于文字表达的外部特点，或曰“表象美”（overt aesthetic value）。

1705044773

1705044774 美国著名作家John Updike（约翰·厄普代克）有一短篇，题目是“Delicate Wives”（《纤弱娇妻》），其开头一段是这样的：

1705044775

1705044776 Veronica Horst was stung by a bee, and it should have produced no more than a minute of annoyance and pain, but she, in the apparent bloom of health at the age of twenty-nine, turned out to be susceptible to anaphylactic shock, and nearly died. Fortunately, her husband, Gregor, was with her, and threw her fainting body, all but blood-pressureless, into their car and speeded careening through the heart of town to the hospital, where she was saved. When Les Miller heard about the event, from his wife, Lisa, who was breathlessly fresh from a session of gossip and women’s tennis, he was stung by jealousy: he and Veronica had had an affair the previous summer, and by the rights of love he should have been the one to be with her and to save her heroically. Gregor even had the presence of mind, afterward, to go around to the local police and explain why he had been speeding and careening through stop signs. “It seems incredible,” Lisa innocently told her husband, “that here she’s nearly thirty and apparently has never been stung before, so nobody knew she would react this way. As a child I was always getting stung, weren’t you?”

1705044777

1705044778 语言形式（包括音韵）上的美，在美学上称为物质存在的形态美，它通常直观可感，一般诉诸于人的视觉和听觉。一篇优美的作品首先让读者感受到的是其文字，是作品的遣词造句，表现在行文的风格、音韵、节奏上。这些即原文所谓的“美的物质存在的形态”。比如，上段文字中先后出现了三个stung。stung的反复运用就是一种首先映入读者眼帘的表象美，有的用其本义（Denotation），有的则用其转义（Connotation）。除了stung之外，尚有别的体现了英语美的connotative words，比如（以出现先后为序）：

1705044779

1705044780 a. in the apparent bloom of health at the age of twenty-nine

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1705044782 b. and threw her fainting body

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1705044784 c. through the heart of town to the hospital

1705044785

1705044786 除了遣词美之外，造句也不失其美。小说之首段，仅用了四五句话，就极富概括力地交代了故事涉及的两对夫妇，以及两对夫妇派生出的第三对。个人的姓名，大致外貌，甚至个性都有了一个轮廓式的但又不乏笔触细致的描绘，这是怎样的笔力！John Updike不凡的笔力是一回事，但是英语本身存在的句式美，又是另一回事了。

1705044787

1705044788 语言学家早就注意到了英语句式和汉语句式所存在的异样的美，他们有如此譬喻：英语句子好似“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，很少有叠床架屋的结构，因而汉句似乎能被称为“竹竿型”结构。请看“葡萄型”的句子：

1705044789

1705044790 Fortunately, her husband, Gregor, was with her, and threw her fainting body, all but blood-pressureless, into their car and speeded careening through the heart of town to the hospital, where she was saved.

1705044791

1705044792 上句是并列句，又是复合句，介词短语接介词短语，介词短语后面又接一个状语从句！我们不妨用八个字来形容这样的句子：欲止又言，喋喋不休。更让读者惊叹的是，这又是一句典型的Periodic Sentence（圆周句），又称“悬念句”，句子的最后一个单词不出现，整句句子的句意就不明朗，不完整。可惜，汉语句式没有这种美，即没有如此含悬念的圆周句。可以毫不夸张地说，短篇小说Delicate Wives首段的其他四句，几乎都闪烁着别样的美。

1705044793

1705044794 审美的直觉性让我们把欣赏的注意力投向美学的表象要素，国人以“秀外慧中”写女人，而文字表达的美学表象要素则是“秀外”，而其非美学表象要素就是“慧中”了。审美的直觉就能发现所谓“秀外”，而要体察女性的“慧中”，则非易事，那需要非一朝一夕的交往和了解，同理，让文字表达的非美学表象要素吸引我们的眼球，那也绝非易事，那就牵涉到美感的理智性。

1705044795

1705044796 激情是审美的第一步。没有激情，也就无所谓有真正意义上的审美。只有充满了激情，才会发现美、理解美。发现，是一种认知活动，然而，此种认知活动与情感活动又是如此水乳交融，密不可分！在此瞬间，感受、思维、想象、知识、文化素养、理想等都会参与其中。如此，认知活动、情感活动又会经过一番去粗取精、去伪存真的过滤，一番由此及彼，由表及里的连锁活动。理解，又是审美活动过程中最具有认知性、理智性和情感性的因素，不经过这个抽象思维的过程，也就无法最后形成“美的观念”。

1705044797

1705044798 语言的非表象美学要素与语言形式一般没有直接关系，通常为“不可计数的”，非“直观可感”，人们常称其为“非定量因素”。如文章的思想、观点、意境、神韵、气势、风格、情态、韵味等等。这些要素对一篇文章的审美价值来说举足轻重，至关重要。虽然它们是非物质的、非直观的，非一目了然的，但是，它们又在召唤结构中露出蛛丝马迹，让读者感知，让读者品味。

1705044799

1705044800 Delicate Wives的首段，除美学的表象要素之外，还并存着美学的非表象要素，或曰属于“慧中”的那部分内容。一句写Gregor：

1705044801

1705044802 Gregor even had the presence of mind, afterward, to go around to the local police and explain why he had been speeding and careening through stop signs.

1705044803

1705044804 even had the presence of mind…刻画Gregor的个性，入木三分！presence of mind的意思是the ability to think and act calmly and efficiently, especially in an emergency（镇定，沉着）的意思。但是，这并非作者的本意。试想，驾车超速行驶，次日还要专门主动到警察局去为超速行车作解释，此事体现了Gregor怎样的个性？不是有点“迂腐”，就是爱小题大做。作者借此写Gregor的性格，折射他的人品。这与后面的描写一脉相承。他是一个性情古怪而又以自我为中心的人。因此，the presence of mind就值得咀嚼，是描写Gregor个性的点睛之笔。其实作者用其字面意义。此句可译：事后，格雷戈尔居然还有心情跑了一趟警察局，解释他……

1705044805

1705044806 另一句写Lisa：

1705044807

1705044808 “It seems incredible,” Lisa innocently told her husband, “that here she’s nearly thirty and apparently has never been stung before, so nobody knew she would react this way. As a child I was always getting stung, weren’t you?”

1705044809

1705044810 副词innocently，作者好似在不经意间一笔带过，其实，此副词，表面述实，实则写人。其丈夫和Veronica有染，到了难舍难分的地步，Lisa还蒙在鼓里，全然不知。一个innocently巧妙地向读者暗递了此信息。同时，Lisa的个性也由innocently一词带出。将此句译成“纯洁的莉莎”，不识innocently之非表象美也。此句可译：不知隐情的莉莎/没有心计的莉莎。

1705044811

1705044812 赏析美的感受实质上就是创造美的过程。在审美的创造中，人的大脑两半球交替兴奋，协同作用，认知活动与情感活动得以充分展开，审美的乐趣、创造的乐趣逐渐实现了高尚的审美直觉性和理智性的一体化。此时此刻的审美直觉性和理智性会让译者的审美思维空前活跃，审美感官空前敏锐，审美联想空前驰骋。

1705044813

1705044814 如“Delicate Wives”的首段另有一句：

1705044815

1705044816 When Les Miller heard about the event, from his wife, Lisa, who was breathlessly fresh from a session of gossip and women’s tennis, he was stung by jealousy: he and Veronica had had an affair the previous summer, and by the rights of love he should have been the one to be with her and to save her heroically.

1705044817

1705044818 其中有一个定语从句：

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