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c. My employer informed me that I would be sent to Hong Kong and that I should make arrangements to leave in about two weeks. (宾语从句平行)
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d. When the green leaves become yellow gradually, when the yellow leaves leave twigs and fall down slowly, when the fallen leaves cover the footpath, we know that fall is here with us. (状语从句平行)
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e. A friend is a person with whom you may be sincere, to whom you are attached by affection, and from whom you learn things about life and yourself. (定语从句平行)
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·句子的平行排列(a series of sentences)
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a. We shall fight him by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air.
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b. On the contrary, we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts to rescue mankind from his tyranny. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in recourses.
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c. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
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·语段的平行排列(a series of paragraphs)
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Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.
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Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms…
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Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.
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Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to “undo the hearty burdens… (and) let the oppressed go free.
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需说明的是,不同形式的Parallelism在英语表达中同时交错使用的现象也不鲜见。如Margaret Foster在其“Why I Am Glad to Be 40”一文中写道:
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Husbands have been killed, babies born deformed, wives left deserted, children crippled in accidents, homes burned to the ground—I’ve looked and heard and wept and thought this is too much for anyone to bear… and then I’ve been astounded at how happiness of a kind can be regained out of the hell of grief.
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丈夫被杀、婴儿畸形、妇人被弃、儿童致残、房屋焚毁——我目睹、我耳闻、我哭泣、我尝想:如此灾难,在这个世上,何人能承受!——然而,接下去,我之所见,让我震惊,人们如何一步步走出悲恸的地狱,获得了这样那样的幸福。
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上段文字写得激情澎湃,扣人心弦。如此效果与两种形式的Parallelism的交替运用不无关系——短句的平行使用(babies born deformed,wives left deserted, children crippled in accidents, homes burned to the ground)和单词的平行使用(looked and heard and wept and thought)。
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除了不同形式的Parallelism交错使用之外,Parallelism还时常和别的辞格共用,表现同样不俗。如:
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During all the years of my life, until that moment, I have carried the menacing, the hostile, and the killing world with me everywhere. No matter what I was doing or saying or feeling, one eye had always been on the world—that world which I had learnt to distrust almost as soon as I learnt my name, that world on which I knew one could never turn one’s back, the white man’s world. (Baldwin: This Morning, This Evening, So Soon)
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在这之前,在我生命的最初年头里,我的身边处处跟着一个怀有威胁的世界,一个敌视的世界,一个充满凶杀的世界。无论我在干什么,或者说什么,或者感觉什么,我的一只眼睛始终盯住它——盯住那个我几乎刚认识自己的名字便对其学会了怀疑的世界,那个我知道人们一辈子也无法抛弃的世界,那个白人的世界。
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上例通过几个表示强烈情感的形容词(如menacing, hostile, killing)和几个现在分词(如doing, saying, feeling)并行使用,Repetition(反复)辞格的运用(如world一词的反复出现)以及antithesis(对照法)的运用(如I had learnt to distrust almost as soon as I learnt my name),强化了表达效果,深刻揭示了种族歧视对“我”的身心损害,鲜明表达“我”的仇恨心理。
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4.1.2 Parallelism的审美价值
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作为结构修辞的Parallelism的第一审美价值在于形式。实际上,其审美价值远不止于此。正如Harold B. Allen所言,辞格均可视作the art of speaking or writing effectively。Parallelism亦不例外。
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4.1.2.1 以Parallelism叙事
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以Parallelism叙事,可以使叙述明晰有序,细致入微,同时能融议论于叙述之中,收到言简意赅之效。如:
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The Chinese diplomats should be firm in stance, far in sight, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, noble in character.
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