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汉语立足于读者的悟性,整体的悟性,而不像英语那样立足于逻辑、分析和文法。相应的英译就必须循规蹈矩,合乎规范语法,主语是主语,谓语是谓语,宾语是宾语。关系代词、连词、介词等,一个都不能少。上句的译文是:
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From the place where the wind blew, a roaring tiger leaped out. It had upward-slanting eyes and a white forehead, and it charged directly at Li Kui. (沙博理译)
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让我们再读一句英句:
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What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all of China’s problems will have been solved.
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如果我们必须面对一些困难有什么关系呢?让他们封锁我们吧!让他们封锁我们八年或者十年吧!到那个时候,所有中国的问题都将会得到解决了。(60个汉字)
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译文忠实原文,且符合汉语语法,可谓“规范表达”。可惜的是,如此四平八稳的汉语表达缺失了模糊美感,“干瘪而无生气”。
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上段英语表达,其实译自汉语。其汉语原文选自《毛泽东选集》第四卷的《别了,司徒雷登》。原文如下:
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多少一点困难怕什么。封锁吧,封锁十年八年,中国的一切问题都解决了。(29个汉字)
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这才是体现了“汉语的精神”的表达呀!缺头少尾,不太符合语法,口吻激情充沛,却不很“规范”;与上面规规矩矩的“译文”相比,字数减少了将近一半(60→29),可是,毛泽东的原话,精神多么抖擞,个性何其鲜明!
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鲁迅先生的散文作品《秋夜》中有这样的描述:
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在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也是枣树。
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吟诵这样的文字,如清泉般的明净清澈,但是,明净清澈和模糊朦胧不仅相辅相成,而且能彼此转换。多吟诵两遍,“一株是枣树,还有一株也是枣树”便可能化作一种模糊的意象,朦胧中让读者感受,鲁迅此言中间溶解着多少振臂高呼却无人应和的孤独!英语崇尚逻辑,排斥模糊,所以上句译成英语,那译文必定是:
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In our backyard, there stood two Chinese jujubes.
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英译上句,若是严格根据汉语句子的做忠实的字面转换,那必称英语病句无疑。如译:
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In our backyard, there stood two trees: one was a Chinese jujube, the other a Chinese jujube too.
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清晰与逻辑携手,而模糊则与流散联姻。
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又比如,鲁迅先生的《狂人日记》的第一句是:
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今天晚上,很好的月光。
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这是典型的流散句子。用英语的语法加以分析,那是绝对不可理解和接受的——“今天晚上”,即所谓时间状语,而“很好的月光”,即“形容词+名词”的词组。即使用汉语的语法进行分析,也属于不规范之范畴。然而,如此流散的句子,却丝毫不影响读者的理解。相反,惟其朦胧,反而沾上了些许美感。相应的英译,当然必须改流散为严谨,如译:
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The moon is extremely bright tonight.
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汉句意连形散,句子之间的逻辑关系,意义关联,皆隐含其中,即使是长句,脉络与气韵能够感受但标记不明显。这样的语言是长于艺术思维的结果,它用实词的组合排列表达言外之意,使读者获得的信息大于字面本身的负载。这些增生的信息量来自语言结构松散处留下的空间,也是读者想象发挥的空间。
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孤立地看汉语,读者会觉得重意合的表达语义清晰,表意明白,似无模糊可言,但是,将其英译作为参照物(reference),汉语表达的意合倾向之气韵模糊美便凸现眼前。此种气韵模糊,令描述一气呵成,令读者想象腾飞,而其相应的英译,则因形合所必需的逻辑标记的林立,而痛失气韵模糊美。如:
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风吹弯了路旁的树木,撕碎了店户的布幌,揭净了墙上的报单,遮昏了太阳,唱着,叫着,吼着,回荡着!忽然直驰,像惊狂了的大精灵,扯天扯地的疾走;忽然慌乱,四面八方的乱卷,像不知怎好而决定乱撞的恶魔;忽然横扫,乘其不备的袭击着地上的一切,扭折了树枝,吹掀了屋瓦,撞断了电线;可是,祥子在那里看着;他刚从风里出来,风并没能把他怎样了!胜利是祥子的!(老舍:《骆驼祥子》)
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The gale bent the trees lining the road, tore the cloth shop-signs to shreds, ripped the hand-bills clean off the walls. It shrouded the sun; it sang, shouted, howled, reverberated. Sometimes it careered ahead like a huge terrified spirit, tearing heaven and earth apart in its frenzied flight; then suddenly, as if in panic, it would swirl around in all directions like an evil demon which had run amok; then again it would sweep along diagonally, as if to take everything by surprise, breaking branches, carrying off roof-tiles and snapping electric wires. Yet Xiangzi stood there watching, for he had just come in out of the wind which had been powerless against him. Victory was his!(施晓菁译)
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比较而生鉴别。以上英译逻辑标记林立(off, like, and, in, then, as if in, which, then, as if, by, for, out of, against),而汉语表达则多加省略,如“揭净了墙上的报单”、“像不知怎好而决定乱撞的恶魔”等等;英译主语齐全,而汉语表达则多有忽略。逻辑标记省略,主语忽略,表达的气韵模糊美自然陡增!
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