打字猴:1.70505414e+09
1705054140
1705054141 b. The effectiveness of the electronic computer is achieved because it has great speed and accuracy in calculation.
1705054142
1705054143 电子计算机之所以效率高,是由于其运算速度快,而且计算准确。
1705054144
1705054145 4)非人称主语句“消化”了让步从句:
1705054146
1705054147 a. Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
1705054148
1705054149 b. Even though we dissolve salt in water, we cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
1705054150
1705054151 即使我们将普通食盐溶于水,也不能改变其化学性质。
1705054152
1705054153 2.3 练达美
1705054154
1705054155 英汉相比,英语多用被动语态,而汉语则少用。这是一个给人启迪的比较:有人称,《水浒传》全书仅用了120个被动句,而以下一段126个单词,含14个谓语动词的英语段落竟然用了13个被动语态:
1705054156
1705054157 As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a “derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are allowed into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If soil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.
1705054158
1705054159 因为石油深埋在地下,靠研究地面,不能确定石油的有无。因此,对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。如果认为某地区的岩层含有石油,就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井口铁架”。井架用来吊升分节油管,把油管放入由钻头打入的孔中。当孔钻成时,放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油,则在油管顶部紧固地加盖,使石油通过一系列阀门流出。
1705054160
1705054161 为何英语多用被动语态,而汉语则少用被动语态?
1705054162
1705054163 原因之一也许是:汉语系意合语言,这个“被”字完全可以被“融化”掉。试比较:
1705054164
1705054165 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
1705054166
1705054167 润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。
1705054168
1705054169 Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter, which in turn, may be created from energy.
1705054170
1705054171 现代科学的发展得出这样的结论:物质可以产生能,能又可以产生物质。
1705054172
1705054173 Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.
1705054174
1705054175 虽然首批合成材料仅在100年前才研制出来,但现在人们几乎能到处见到它们。
1705054176
1705054177 原因之二也许是:汉语表达被动的方式比较丰富。如:《史记·越王勾践世家》有云:“飞鸟尽,良弓藏;狡兔死,走狗烹。”其中,“良弓藏”与“走狗烹”,即没有出现“被”字的被动句式。另如:“门上锁了”,含义自明,无须加“被”字。
1705054178
1705054179 此外,汉语被动句的应用范围也渐渐扩大了,而且,被动的标志已从“被”字扩散开来——“给”、“遭”、“受”、“由”、“让”、“叫”等等。即使是写明施动者的英语被动句在译成汉语被动句时,作为被动标记的“被”字也未必出现,这个“被”字,被意合给合掉了。
1705054180
1705054181 汉语和英语各有各的表达优势和长处。少用被动语态,可以看作汉语的优势之一,而多用被动语态,则可以看作英语的美之所在。语言现象,有时就是如此缺乏逻辑;语言法则,就是如此充满辨证哲理。应当承认,被动语态的运用,大大丰富了英语表达的美学价值,使表达趋于练达,而练达则是科技文章追求的一大要素。
1705054182
1705054183 从美学视角观察,英语的被动语态是如何实现其练达美的呢?
1705054184
1705054185 首先,被动语态的使用,避免提及所谓“施动者”(doer)。这即可视作表达成熟和练达的标志之一。叶斯帕森(Otto Jespersen)在《语法哲学》中说,英国各类作家作品中的被动句有70%到94%是不提施动者的。夸克(Randolph Quirk)等四人在《当代英语语法》中说,事实上五个被动句里面大约有四个不把施动者说出来。在科技文章中,也许不提施动者的比例还要高。这和我们的汉语恰恰相反,王力先生在《中国语法理论》中指出:“中文正常的被动式是必须把主事者说出来的。”
1705054186
1705054187 在没有必要说出施动者的情况下,硬性说出,在科技文章中,那将是一种怎样的景象呢?试比较:
1705054188
1705054189 a. Unless something is moved, no work is done.(无施动者)
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