打字猴:1.70505409e+09
1705054090
1705054091 最值得一提的是,如此表述和推演,英语“毕其功于一役”,一气呵成,竟然完成于一句。词句的汉语译文,基本传递了原句的意思,表达也比较精彩,然而对比之下,可以觉察相应的汉语译文被拆零为六句。1∶6的比例,具体说明了英语和汉语在句法上的差异。这又令人想起语言学家们一个生动的譬喻:英语句子系“葡萄型”结构,葡萄主干很短,其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短,一个短句接一个短句的往下叙述,逐步展开,信息内容像竹竿子一样一节一节地通下去,很少有叠床架屋的结构,因而常被称为“竹竿型”结构。
1705054092
1705054093 在玩味和品味科技文章造句的美学特质之余,我们不能忘记除了定语从句的使用之外,英语介词功不可没。其中使用了介词(及其介词短语)多达八个。它们是:in, though, by means of, from, by, off, in, by。
1705054094
1705054095 2.2 人性美
1705054096
1705054097 如前所述,科技文章少用人称主语,而多用非人称主语。这种现象是由科技文章的本质决定的,科技文章非“以人为本”之作,无须动人描写,没有慷慨抒情,只求客观记录,只须冷静分析。科技文章多用非人称主语,又演绎出一个新问题,那就是为数不少的非人称主语后续的动词,不是一般非人称主语(inanimate subject)所常用的谓语动词,而是为人称主语(animate subject)所使用的动词,这些动词系表示感觉、意识、情感或动作之类的动词。于是,便出现了“非人称主语+人称主语所使用的动词谓语”的奇特现象。我们通常称如此构成的句式为“非人称主语句”(Impersonal Subject Sentence / Inanimate Subject Sentence),通常折射一定生命内涵或生命意义的动词被挪用到不具生命意义的主语(inanimate subject)之后,其搭配不可谓不新颖。折射生命内涵或生命意义的动词的使用,自然而然地给全句染上一层拟人(personification)的修饰色彩,让读者耳目一新。这点拟人色彩,不可小视,如大漠之绿洲,如旷野之大树,使本来显得有些单调乏味的科技文章着上烁烁亮色,增添勃勃生机。
1705054098
1705054099 试比较:
1705054100
1705054101 a. Later on in life the society puts strain on the man to compete, produce, and succeed; this also affects the survival rate. Another part of the problem of male mortality is the male hormone testosterone, which brings about a higher metabolic rate in most tissues, wearing them out faster.
1705054102
1705054103 b. Later on in life man suffers from the strain of modern life to compete, produce, and succeed; this also affects the survival rate. Another part of the problem of male mortality is the male hormone testosterone, which brings about a higher metabolic rate in most tissues, wearing them out faster.
1705054104
1705054105 而在以后的生活中,社会对男性施加了压力,促使他们参与竞争,辛勤劳作,争取胜利;这也影响了男性生存率。另一个问题是男性所分泌的睾丸激素,这一激素能加快大多数身体组织的新陈代谢速度,使它们加速衰亡。
1705054106
1705054107 句a的the society puts strain on the man和句b的man suffer from the strain of modern life相比,前者的主语系非人称主语(the society),而后者的主语系人称主语(man),前者的谓语结构乃puts strain on the man。非人称主语句society puts strain on the man to compete, produce, and succeed新意拂面,与后者的man suffers from the strain of modern life相比,确实闪现人文亮色,增添人性美感。
1705054108
1705054109 另如:
1705054110
1705054111 a. Affirmative action and equal opportunity policies opened academic and employment doors for women. But the pill and power over the timing and frequency of pregnancies allowed women to walk through those doors, Luker said.
1705054112
1705054113 b. Affirmative action and equal opportunity policies made it possible that the academic and employment doors had opened for women. But the pill and power over the timing and frequency of pregnancies made it possible again for women to walk through those doors, Luker said.
1705054114
1705054115 (鼓励雇佣妇女的)积极的措施和机会均等的政策向妇女敞开了学业和就业的大门。但是避孕药及其能控制怀孕的时机和怀孕次数的能力才使得妇女能够步入这些大门,卢克说。
1705054116
1705054117 有比较,才有鉴别。诵读句a,乃一种精神享受,人文亮色和人性美感再次闪现于字里行间。特别是其中的两个动词谓语,用得何等好啊:opened (academic and employment doors for women), allowed (women to walk through those doors)。句b的动词谓语乃made it possible和made it possible again,于是便不构成非人称主语句,虽然同样达意,却风采顿失!由此句可以看出,非人称主语句的关键在于其谓语动词。
1705054118
1705054119 除了所谓人文亮色和人性美感之外,非人称主语句表达得简洁明快,也给我们另一种美感享受。比如,非人称主语句式可以用更简洁的形式表达科技英语中的各种逻辑关系,而将逻辑标记大量省略,轻而易举地变英语的形合句(Hypotaxis)为意合句(Parataxis)。如:
1705054120
1705054121 1)非人称主语句“消化”了条件句:
1705054122
1705054123 a. If we measure seismic travel time and amplitude, we can define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
1705054124
1705054125 b. Seismic measures of travel time and amplitude define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
1705054126
1705054127 如果我们测得地震波的走势和振幅,我们就能够确定地下的几何形状并估算与岩石速率和密度有关的声阻抗。
1705054128
1705054129 2)非人称主语句“消化”了时间状语从句:
1705054130
1705054131 a. Analysis of a damaged material usually requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
1705054132
1705054133 b. When we are doing an analysis of a damaged material, usually it requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
1705054134
1705054135 我们在分析破损材料时,通常需要先做直观判断,再做实时检测。
1705054136
1705054137 3)非人称主语句“消化”了因果关系句:
1705054138
1705054139 a. The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation.
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