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例句 1. Literacy should be considered as a basic human right in present society. 在当今社会，识字应被看做一项基本人权。
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2. There is a phenomenon that basic literacy skills are more important now than they were in the past. 有这样一个现象：目前，基本的读写能力与之前相比更加重要。
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mandatory［‘mændətɔ
:ri］a. 强制的；义务的 n. 受托人
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例句 1. Although there are optional courses for students to choose, the basic subjects such as mathematics and literature should be mandatory for all students. 尽管有许多选修课可供学生选择，但例如数学、文学这样的基础科目对所有学生来说都应该是必修的。
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2. A mandatory policy requires companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for 80 percent of their normal pay for it would benefit the economy. 一项强制政策要求公司为其员工提供一种选择——每周工作四天并领取正常薪资的80%——因为这将会对经济有益。
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minus［‘mainəs］prep. 减（去）a. 减的，负的；不利的 n. 负数；减号；不足
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例句 1. We should take the pluses and minuses of this plan into consideration. 我们应该考虑一下这个计划的利弊。
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2. It is forecasted that the temperature in this region is minus forty degrees Celsius today. 据预报，这个地区今天的气温在零下40摄氏度。
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例句 1. For every student, it is really an exciting thing to have the opportunity to be educated in a college. 对每个学生而言，有机会接受大学教育真的是一件令人兴奋的事情。
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2. Everybody should have the same opportunity to achieve his or her dream. 每个人都应有同样的机会去实现他们的梦想。
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3. All the students should have the opportunity to attend college no matter if they are good at study or not, because everyone should have a period to learn about themselves before they begin to work. 所有的学生都应该有上大学的机会，无论他们是否擅长学习，因为在他们工作之前应该有一段时间来了解自己。
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同义 chance, occasion（n. 机会）
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要点 chance主要指一种侥幸或偶然得来的机会；opportunity则指一种便于行事的时机，尤其指某种符合人们意向的事情发生的时机。在写作中，常用have the opportunity to…这个短语表示“有…的机会”。
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例句 1. For an optional review session, attendance will not be taken. 可任选的复习课不记考勤。
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2. Some people may think that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree with this view. 有些人会认为上课应该是随意的，但我不同意这个观点。
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同义 voluntary（a. 志愿的）
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outline［‘autlain］n. 轮廓；概要 v. 描绘；略述
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搭配 course outline 课程概要
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例句 I will outline the three main reasons why it would be a terrific holiday. 我会简单描述三个主要原因，说明为什么这是个很棒的假日。
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同义 profile（n. 轮廓）；summarization（n. 概要）
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paraphrase［‘pærəfreiz］n. 释义 v. 解释；改写；改述
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例句 1. You can repeat what you said or paraphrase your argument. 你可以重复或改述你的论点。
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2. The President’s comments were paraphrased by the reporter. 记者解释了总统的评论。
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