1705134540
思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 8Extending the Debate in Member Speeches
1705134541
1705134542
Robert Trapp and Teresa Green
1705134543
1705134544
Chapter Outline
1705134545
1705134546
8.1 Refuting Arguments in Member Speeches
1705134547
1705134548
8.2 Extending Arguments
1705134549
1705134550
8.3 Using Preparation Time to Prepare for Member Speeches
1705134551
1705134552
8.4 Summary
1705134553
1705134554
8.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 8
1705134555
1705134556
8.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 8
1705134557
1705134558
8.7 Exercises for Chapter 8
1705134559
1705134560
The first half of the debate ends with the speeches of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Leader of Opposition. The second half of the debate begins with Member Speeches—Member of Government and Member of Opposition. Those speakers have dual responsibilities: First, they need to exhibit loyalty to their colleagues in the Upper House (first half of the debate); and second, they need to move the debate forward. Each debater in the first half of the debate, Government and Opposition, has advanced a limited number of arguments. Now the Member of Government and the Member of Opposition have the opportunity to expand the number and kind of arguments in the debate. If the debate were to continue for eight speeches with only the arguments introduced by the Upper House, the debate might be stale or boring by the end. In moving the debate forward by introducing new arguments, the Member of Government and Member of Opposition have the opportunity to breath new life into the debate.
1705134561
1705134562
1705134563
1705134564
The Member of Government and the Member of Opposition have responsibilities for refutation as well as for argument construction. The first responsibility of the Member of Government and Member of Opposition speakers is to engage in refutation of the case presented by the opening teams on the opposing side. The process of refutation will be discussed more fully in Chapter 10. Both member speakers also are responsible for argument construction in ways that differ from those of the speakers on the opening teams. The Member of Government and Member of Opposition speakers are responsible to construct arguments in a way that moves the debate forward by extending arguments. The next sections of this chapter will discuss the concepts of refuting and extending arguments.
1705134565
1705134567
8.1 Refuting Arguments in Member Speeches
1705134568
1705134569
As stated earlier, both the Member of Government and Member of Opposition are obliged, at least in a general manner, to continue the refutation of the arguments introduced by the Government and Opposition teams in the first half of the debate. The amount of time devoted to this obligation is minimal because the primary difference in the second half of the debate is to move the debate forward into a new series of arguments. Thus, the Member speakers should focus only on the most important points of refutation with regard to the first half of the debate, and should focus their refutation on those arguments introduced by the Deputy Prime Minister and by the Deputy Leader of Opposition. Although those responsibilities are important, the time devoted to them should be limited. Because the responsibility to extend the debate will require quite a bit of time, the Member of Government and Member of Opposition should try to limit their refutation to two or, at the most, three minutes. One way to limit the amount of time spent on refutation is to provide general refutation to the arguments from the Prime Minister and from the Leader of Opposition, and only specifically refute the extension offered by the Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Leader of Opposition.
1705134570
1705134571
Because so many arguments will have been presented before their speeches, the Member of Government and Member of the Opposition may be tempted to spend too much of their time on refutation. Those speakers need to remember that their most important responsibilities involve extending and moving the debate forward, so they should not invest too much time on refutation. Still, refutation of the general position of the opposing team is important. With the time considerations in mind, the Member of Government should limit his or her refutation to two or three minutes, refuting the arguments of the two opposition speeches that preceded his or her speech. The Member of Opposition should do the same with regard to refutation of the arguments of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, while remembering that the most important responsibility with regard to refutation is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Government. Refuting the extension presented by the Member of Government is most important because the Member speech is the last opportunity for the Opposition Team to join the issue offered by the Member of Government.
1705134572
1705134573
In summary, refutation is an important responsibility of the member speeches, but care must be taken not to spend too much time on refutation. The most important task of the member speakers is to move the debate forward by creating extension arguments. The creation of arguments will be considered in the next section.
1705134574
1705134576
8.2 Extending Arguments
1705134577
1705134578
Every debater needs the opportunity to develop and demonstrate his or her skill at constructing arguments as well as refuting them. If the members of the Second Government and Second Opposition teams were simply to follow the same arguments presented by the First Government and First Opposition Teams, they would not be in a position to develop or to use their own argument construction skills. Therefore, members of the Second Government and Second Opposition Teams develop what is called an extension argument.
1705134579
1705134580
In addition to giving the members of the closing teams the opportunity to construct new arguments, the process of creating extension arguments has an advantage for both of the closing teams: The extension serves to develop a unique identity for the closing teams. The members of the First Government and First Opposition Teams create an identity that is in large part tied to the arguments they presented. Thus, if the Second Government and Second Opposition Team fail to present new arguments, they are contributing more to the First Government and First Opposition Teams than to themselves.
1705134581
1705134582
Of course, the extension argument made by the closing teams should be consistent with and supportive of the arguments made by each opening team. By creating an extension, Member of Government speakers, for example, need to show that they support the First Government Team and, at the same time, have unique ideas of their own. Thus, the extension presented by the Member of Government needs to be an argument that supports the First Government position and, at the same time, establishes an identity for the Second Government Team that is unique and separate from that of the First Government Team.
1705134583
1705134584
Consider an analogy to a parliamentary form of government where the majority is composed of two or more coalition partners. Members from each coalition party should be loyal to one another so as not to risk dissolving their coalition. At the same time, each of the coalition parties, even though they may support the same policies, may do so for different reasons. So, while members of one party might focus their support for a health care policy on financial considerations, the other party might focus theirs on preventive care. Arguments about financial considerations and those about preventive care can be seen as supportive of one another because they can both be used as arguments to support a change in health policy. But those two arguments give members of each of the different parties the opportunity to show that they have ideas that are unique and distinctive from their colleagues in the coalition.
1705134585
1705134586
In the next section, this text will discuss qualities of a good extension, types of extensions, and will then conclude with some important considerations about extensions.
1705134587
1705134589
8.2.1 Qualities of a Good Extension
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70513454e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]