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[14]Tchang Tcheng-ming,op. cit.
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[15]G. Calame-Griaule,op. cit.,p.237.
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[16]马勒(L. Mäll)谈论零度化:把外延甚至在一定符号体系中代表它们的符号压缩为零。(Cf. Tel Quel,32.)
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[17]R. Jakobson,Essais de linguistique générale,Ed. de Minuit,Paris,1963,p.42.
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[18]“Paralanguage:25 Years after Sapir,”in Lectures in Experimental Psychiatry,ed. by Henry W. Brosin,University of Pittsburg Press.
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[19]David Efron,Gesture and Environment,A Tentative Study,Kings Crown Press,New York,1941.
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[20]E. Sapir,The Selected Writings of Edward Sapir,University of California Press,Barkeley and Los Angeles,1949.
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[21]W. LaBarre,“The Cultural basis of Emotions and Destures,”in The Journal of Personality,16,49-68,1947; The Human Animal,University of Chicago Press,Chicago,1954.
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[22]M. Mead,On the Implications for Anthropology of the Geselling approach to Maturation,Personal Caracter and the Cultural Milieu,ed. by D. Harring,Syracuse University Press,1956. Aussi Mead and Bateson,“Balinese Caracter”; Mead M. and Cooke Fr. Macgregor,Growth and Culture,G. P. Putnams Sons,New York,1952.
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[23]L. Bloomfield,Language,Hilt.,New York,1933.
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[24]H. Spire,Language. An Introduction to the Study of Speech,Harcourt Brace and Co.,Inq.,1921.
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[25]George L. Trager and Hary Lee Smith,An Outline of English Structure,Oklohama.
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[26]E. Sapir,Selected Writings,pp.535-545 et 544-559.
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[27]Ibid.,p.534,cité par R. Birdwhistell in Paralanguage…
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[28]萨丕尔:“语词选用中个性得到了广泛地反映”。(Sapir
:“La personalité est largement reflétée dans le choix des mots”)
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[29]萨丕尔:“在某些团体中永远存在着获取语词并把它们调整为更广泛单位的某种个性的方法,尽管这种方法的发展很可悲。”(Sapir
:“Il y a toujours une méthode individuelle quoique pauvrement développée d’arranger des mots dans des groupes et de remanier ceux-là en des unités plus larges”)
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[30]Zellig Harris,Methods in Structural Lingustics,University of Chicago Press,Chicago,1951.
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[31]Benjamin Lee Whorf,Language Thought and Reality,Technology Press and John Wiley and Sons,New York,1956.
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[32]Ch. B. Osgood,“Psycholinguistics. A Survey of Theory and Research Problems,”Supplement to the International Journal of American Linguistics,vol. 20,no4,oct. 1954,mém. 10,Waverly Press,Baltimore,1954.
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[33]Gordon Hewes,“Word Distribution of Certain Postural Habits,”in American Anthropologist,vol. 57,2,1955(文中建立了不同文化中形体姿势的详细清单)。
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[34]Robert L. Saitz and Edward J. Cervenka,Colombian and North American Gestures,A Contrastive Inventory,Centro American,Correro 7,Bogota,1962,pp.23-49.
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[35]Ibid.
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[36]Edw. T. Hall,“A system for Notation of Proxemic Behaviour,”in American Anthropologist,vol. 65,5,1963.
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[37]R. Kleinpaul,op. cit.
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[38]O. Witte,“Untersuchungen über die Gebardensprache. Beiträge zur Psychologie der Sprache,”Zeitschrift für Psychologie,116,1930,pp.225-309.
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