1705620960
1705620961
[139]L.Duarte-Level,in Unamuno,132.
1705620962
1705620963
[140]SB to Guillermo White,Barinas,May 6,1821,SBO,II,560.
1705620964
1705620965
[141]SB to José Revenga and José Echeverría,quoted in Robertson,Rise of the Spanish American Republics,244.
1705620966
1705620967
[142]SB to Santander,Trujillo,Dec.1,1820,SBO,I,520–22.
1705620968
1705620969
[143]SB to Morillo,Barinas,Dec.11,1820,and Bogotá,Jan.26,1821;SB to La Torre,Bogotá,Jan.25,1821;SB to Fernando VII,Bogotá,Jan.24,1821,SBO,I,510–32.
1705620970
1705620971
[144]Duarte-Level,in Unamuno,146.
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1705620973
[145]来自一位不愿透露姓名的英国军官对卡拉沃沃战役的描述，引自Charles Dickens’s magazine,All the Year Round,XIX,March 28,1868(London
:Chapman,1868),368。这种解释也出现在Mulhall,Explorers in the New World,232f。
1705620974
1705620975
[146]Lecuna,Crónica,III,35.
1705620976
1705620977
[147]Ibid.,34.
1705620978
1705620979
[148]SB to Santander,Valencia,June 25,1821,SBO,II,571.
1705620980
1705620981
[149]Dickens,369.
1705620982
1705620983
[150]关于这场战斗的详细描述，请参阅Duarte-Level在Unamuno的Simón Bolívar一书中的文章。
1705620984
1705620985
[151]Prago,204.
1705620986
1705620987
[152]Lecuna,Crónica,III,47–48.
1705620988
1705620989
[153]由500人组成的两至四排的紧凑正方形或长方形阵型，装备毛瑟枪、来复枪或刺刀，本质上是一种用于对付冲锋的敌人的防御战术。“空心方阵”里的士兵会等敌人冲到30米开外的地方才开始射击，击倒大批进攻者，形成尸体堆，充当抵御敌人进一步进攻的障碍物。
1705620990
1705620991
[154]Prago,205.
1705620992
1705620993
[155]Lecuna,Crónica,III,52.
1705620994
1705620995
[156]Mulhall,232.
1705620996
1705620997
[157]Mosquera,420;also Lecuna,Crónica,III,51.
1705620998
1705620999
[158]Lecuna,Crónica,III,50.
1705621000
1705621001
[159]Mijares,396.
1705621002
1705621003
[160]Mulhall,232.
1705621004
1705621005
[161]Lynch,Simón Bolívar,142.
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1705621007
1705621008
1705621009
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