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42. Mountain range: RL 12410, 12413–14, compared to photographs of the Grigne in Conato 1986, 119–204. Storm over a town: RL 12409. Depiction of rains: CU 25r, McM 55.
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43. Written both sides of CA 573b/214e (R 1031–2).
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1705660194
44. Photographs in Conato 1986, 201.
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1705660196
45. Ibid., 206.
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46. Leic 11v, R 1029.
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47. Head of a bear: private collection (formerly Colville Collection). Bear walking: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1975. 1.369 (Zöllner 2003, nos. 158–9). The latter has a faint underdrawing of a pregnant woman.
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1705660202
48. RL 12372–5, Clark and Pedretti 1968, 1.52.
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49. Leic 4r; A. Recalcati, ‘Le Prealpi Lombarde ritratte da Leonardo’ (ALV 10, 1997, 125–31). 博峰（Monte Bo），海拔8385英尺，位于罗莎峰（Monte Rosa）西南方向，语言上似乎吻合，但与列奥纳多描述的地形不相符。
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50. Paracelsus (i.e. Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), Sieben defensiones , ch. 4, in Opera, ed. Johann Huser (Strasbourg, 1603), 1.159.
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1705660208
51. Discovery of Madrid MSS: New York Times , 14, 15, 17 (etc.) February 1967; Reti 1968. 这些古抄本大体上都能追根溯源。它们可能是蓬佩奥·莱奥尼带去西班牙的列奥纳多手稿，1608年由他的侄子波利多洛·卡奇继承；也可能是文森西奥·卡杜乔17世纪20年代在胡安·德·埃斯皮纳图书馆里见到过的那“两本由伟大且才华横溢的列奥纳多亲手绘制撰写的书”。埃斯皮纳“将把手稿赠予威尔士王储［未来的查理一世］……视他自己为唯一有资格的拥有者，他将在我们的国王去世后继承它们”（Reti 1968, pt 1, 10）。埃斯皮纳兑现了他们的诺言，尽管阿伦德尔勋爵曾试图“改变他愚蠢的幽默”。但他1642年去世后，把自己的收藏留给了国王腓力四世，手稿可能是遗赠的一部分。1800年之前，手稿从埃斯科里亚尔转移到国家图书馆，图书管理员安东尼奥·冈萨雷斯在把它们罗列在库存清单中；后来塔马罗·德·马里尼斯也注意到这件事，但他发现清单上的书架编号对应的位置上放着别的书，最后放弃了调查［RV 2 (1906), 89ff.］。
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52. Ma II, 157v, 151v.
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53. On Renaissance ‘lost–wax’ casting techniques: Cole 1983, 124–5. On Leonardo’s modifications of the technique: CA 976r/352r–c, PC 2.12; Kemp 1981, 205–7.
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54. RL 12346.
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55. RL 12349. 这页纸可以追溯到1492年；内容包括一小段文字，讲述了学习不感兴趣之事带来的不便，这段话几乎一字不落地在BN 2038 34 （formerly MS A, dated 10 July 1492）中又重申了一遍。温莎城堡皇家图书馆馆藏稿纸上的滑轮和齿轮可以和A 62r上的内容比较，他在这页纸上也按照一定比例画了两个马头。
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56. Ma II 140r (illustrated).
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57. Vasari 1878–85, 4.276; Vecce 1998, 138–9. Sangallo’s design for a palazz o for Il Moro is in the Vatican, Codex Barberiniano Latino 4424, 15v.
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58. The height of 12 braccia (Ma II 151v) is confirmed by Luca Pacioli (Divina proportione , preface); see R. Cianchi, RV 20 (1964), 277–97, for other contemporary statistics and estimates. 1977年，美国飞行员和艺术收藏家查尔斯·登特希望根据列奥纳多的笔记和素描，重新制作这匹马：最终成品（高23英尺，重13吨）由妮娜·阿库穆雕刻，1999年在米兰圣西罗赛马场亮相（Neil Ascherson, Observer , 25 July 1999)。芬奇镇的主广场上矗立着一座小一些的复制品，这尊雕塑的成本在600万美元左右。
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59. Taccone: see Part IV n. 120. Lancino Curzio, Epigrammaton et sylvarum libri (Milan, 1521), 1.7r, 49r. 人们通常认为这匹马的展览地点是城堡前的广场，但在比娅特丽斯·斯福尔扎1493年12月29日写给姐姐伊莎贝拉·德埃斯特的信中，她说弗朗切斯科·斯福尔扎的骑行雕像立在大教堂的一座凯旋门下（Archivio di Stato, Mantua, Vigevano E49/2; Vecce 1998, 145）。
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60. Ma II 151v.
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1705660228
61. The treatise on ‘mechanical elements’ is referred to in a note of 1502 about efficient wheel–sizes on a cart, ‘as I showed in the first of the 5th [chapter] of the Elements’ (L 72r), and in later sheets: RL 19009r, c. 1510, and CA 10r/2r–a, c. 1515. The ‘book on physics’ is a lost work contemporary with Fors 22, c. 1495–7, which also covers physics (or ‘de ponderibus ’ – ‘the science of weights’), gravity, percussion, etc. See Pedretti 1995, 35.
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62. Ma I 12v.
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63. Ma I 100v; Reti 1968, pt 1, 16–17: the formula given by Leonardo is ‘a hard tin–copper compound (SnCu3) embedded in a softer tin–copper alloy’.
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64. Ma I 4r, 16r, Fors 22, 65r, v; Rosheim 2001.
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65. CA 812r/296v–a. Repubblica , 24 April 2004: the reconstruction consisted of an exhibition model (170×150 cm), a working model (50×60 cm) and interactive digital designs (http:// www.imss.fi.it). On Verrocchio’s clock, see Vasari 1987, 1.240: the putto’s ‘arms are raised to sound the hours with a hammer held in his hands’, which ‘was considered very attractive and novel at the time’.
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66. Rosheim 2001, 23.
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