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[43]Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.,Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861—1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), p. 27; Holmes, Civil War Diary, Harvard Law School Library, Harvard University.
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[44]A. D. Kirwan, ed.,Johnny Green of the Orphan Brigade: The Journal of a Confederate Soldier(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 37; David Cornwell的话引自Earl J. Hess,The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 143。
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[45]Army and Navy Messenger, April 1, 1864, quoted in Berends, “Wholesome Reading”, p. 154.另参见Fales Henry Newhall,National Exaltation: The Duties of Christian Patriotism(Boston: John M. Hewes, 1861); William Adams, Christian Patriotism (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1863); Joseph Fransioli, Patriotism:A Christian Virtue (New York: Loyal Publication Society, 1863)。这些作品中的最后一个是天主教的。请注意Matilda Coskey修女对那位父亲的驳斥。后者拒绝让他受伤的儿子接受洗礼，坚称：“他已经为国而战了，这就足够了 ——他不应为他灵魂的命运担忧。”Sister Matilda Coskey to Father Patrick Reilly, October 18, 1864, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC.
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[46]William Preston Johnston to Wade Hampton, November 3, 1864; James Connor to Wade Hampton, November 6, 1864, Wade Hampton Papers, ESBL; N. A. Foster to William K.Rash, 52nd North Carolina, CSA Collection, ESBL.另一个关于勇气的讨论，参见Eleanor Damon Pace, ed., “The Diary and Letters of William P. Rogers, 1846—1862”,Southwestern Historical Quarterly 32 (April 1929): 299。
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[47]George Barton,Angels of the Battlefiel(Philadelphia: Catholic Art Publishing Co., 1897), p. 181.
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[48]Linderman提出了这个关于强迫的观点，参见Linderman,Embattled Courage, p. 30; Smith, ed., “Notes on Satterlee”, pp. 433—434; Berends, “Wholesome Reading”, p. 137。
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[49]Hugh McLees to John, December 20, 1863, John McLees Papers, SCL; Berends, “Wholesome Reading,” p. 139, n21; Gache, Frenchman, 164.关于恶终，另参见Ralph Houlbrooke,Death, Religion and the Family, p. 207。
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[50]Laderman,Sacred Remains, p. 99; Robert I. Alotta,Civil War Justice: Union Army Executions Under Lincoln(Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Press, 1989); Charleston Mercury, September 18, 1863; John Ripley Adams,Memorial and Letters of John R.Adams, D.D. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1890), p. 123; Guilburton于1863年9月4日写的信，与Henry Robinson给妻子的信，均载于Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, pp. 263—264, 107。
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[51]Corby,Memoirs, p. 248; Frances Milton Kennedy Diary, M-3008, entry for September 26, 1863, SHC.一些对于行刑的描述，参见Cooney, “War Letters of Father Peter PaulCooney”, p. 57。关于恶终，参见Edward Acton, “‘Dear Mollie’: Letters of Captain Edward Acton to His Wife, 1862,” ed. Mary Acton Hammond,Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography89 (January 1965): 28。
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[52]Robert Kenzer, “The Uncertainty of Life: A Profile of Virginia’s Civil War Widows”,in Joan E. Cashin,The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 120; Clarke County Will Book E, 1860—1867, pp.129—130, Clarke County Courthouse, Berryville, Va.; Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, 108.参见N. Crosby, Financial Plans in Case of Death, GLC03046. N. Crosby to son, April 23, 1862, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。
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[53]John Edwards, Noncuptative Will, April 3, 1862, dictated to Hill at the hospital of the 53rd Virginia Infantry regiment at Suffolk, VHS.感谢Frances Pollard引起了我对这一材料的关注。
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[54]Burns Newman to Mr. Shortell, May 24, 1864, Michael Shortell Papers, WHS.另参见Disposition of Personal Effects of Dead Wisconsin Soldiers, 1863, Wisconsin Governor’s Papers, WHS。
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[55]Daily South Carolinian, May 29, 1864.其他一些例子，参见W. W. Watts的讣告, August 23, 1864; H. L. Garlington的讣告, August13, 1864; Milton Cox的讣告, August 9, 1862; Joseph Friedenberg的讣告, September 15, 1862,以上均载于Daily South Carolinian; George Nichols的讣告载于Richmond Daily Whig, December 24, 1862; Walter Matthews的讣告载于Richmond Daily Dispatch, December 25, 1862; Isaac Valentine的讣告载于Charleston Daily Courier, June 18, 1862; Thomas B. Hampton [March 1865] in Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[56]Roland C. Bowen to Friend Ainsworth, September 28, 1862, in Gregory A. Coco, ed., From Ball’s Bluff to Gettysburg…and Beyond: The Civil War Letters of Private Roland E. Bowen, 15th Massachusetts Infantry, 1861—1864 (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1994), p. 124.
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[57]Washington Davis的话引自Linderman, Embattled Courage, p.241。关于麻木，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “A Riddle of Death”
:Mortality and Meaning in the American Civil War, 34th Annual Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture (Gettysburg, Pa.: Gettysburg College, 1995), p. 21。
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[58]Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness”, in Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), p. 103.
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第二章 杀戮
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[1]托尔斯泰（Tolstoy）的话引自Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, On Killing
:The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995), p. ix; Orestes Brownson, The Works of Orestes Brownson, ed. Henry F. Brownson (Detroit: T. Nourse, 1882—1887), vol. 17, p. 214。
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[2]Grossman, On Killing, p. xiv.另参见Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare (New York: Basic Books, 1999)。
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[3]Theophilus Perry的话引自Randolph B. Campbell, A Southern Community in Crisis: Harrison County, Texas, 1850—1880 (Austin
:Texas State Historical Press, 1983), p. 239; [Mrs. Frances Blake Brockenbrough, ] A Mother’s Parting Words to Her Soldier Boy (Petersburg, Va.: Evangelical Tract Society, 186—), p. 3; Confederate Baptist, December 3, 1862; Knox Mellon Jr., ed., “Letters of James Greenalch,” Michigan History 44 ( June 1960 )
:198—199; Christian Recorder, October 18, 1864。
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[4]Scott的话引自Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 3, 1861, p. 178; T. Harry Williams, “The Military Leadership of the Northand the South”, U.S. Air Force Academy, Harmon Memorial Lectureno. 2, 1960, p. 6, online at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usafa/harmon02.pdf。
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[5]Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 18, 1861, p. 3.关于火的洗礼，另参见Joseph Allan Frank and George A.Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989)。关于童贞的语言常常被用来形容首次进行战斗。参见，例如，Creed Davis Diary, entry for May 11, 1864, VHS。关于士兵、杀戮与宗教，另参见Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York: Viking, 1988), pp. 138—139。
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[6]Hugh McLees to John McLees, March 18, 1864, McLees Family Papers, SCL; Oliver Norton的话引自James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 220—221。
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[7]“Sensations Before and During Battle,” clipping in George Bagby Scrapbook, 3
:149, VHS; Charles Royster, The Destructive War
:William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 279.
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[8]Byrd Charles Willis Journal, August 25, 1864, Diary Collection, ESBL.关于联邦死难者之被用战俘砍杀、被剥去头皮，参见T. I. McKenny to Earl Van Dorn, March 9, 1862,载于The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883—1901), ser. I, vol. 8, p. 194;参见，新罕布什尔州第5团的Thomas Livermore在安蒂特姆关于命令下属涂上颜料并带领他们发出战斗呐喊的报告，James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 123。
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