1706282517

1706282518 [18]William Drayton Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, June 23, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.关于要求，参见Gerald Smith, “Sharp-shooters”, in David and Jeanne Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the Civil War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC Clio, 2000), vol. 4, p. 1743. “To the Sharp Shooters of Windham County”, August 19, 1861 (Bellows Falls, Vt.: Phoenix Job Office, 1861), reproduced inLetters from a Sharpshooter: The Civil War Letters of Private William B. Greene, 1861—1865, transcribed by William H. Hastings (Belleville, Wis.: Historic Publications, 1993), p. 4。

1706282519

1706282520 [19]Isaac Hadden to Brother, Wife and All, June 5, 1864, and June 12, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Henry Abbott to J. G. Abbott, July 6, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves p. 184.关于蛇，参见Richard Pindell, “The Most Dangerous Set of Men,” Civil War Times Illustrated, July–August 1993, p. 46。

1706282521

1706282522 [20]Petersburg paper引自William Greene to Dear Mother, June 26, 1864, in Letters from a Sharpshooter, p. 226; De Forest, Volunteer’s Adventures, p. 144.关于狙击手，另参见Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, pp. 106—107,与Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 140。关于狙击及其个人性质，参见“On the Antietam”, Harper’s Weekly, January 3, 1863, reprinted in Kathleen Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die: Collected Stories of the Civil War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 128—132.关于变化中的狙击技术，参见Ron Banks, “Death at a Distance,” Civil War Times Illustrated, March–April 1990, pp. 48—55。

1706282523

1706282524 [21]Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1009—1010; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, April 3, 1864, WFCHS.

1706282525

1706282526 [22]Thomas R. Roulhac的话引自McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 566; Arkansas Gazette引自Gregory J. W. Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes…as Prisoners of War’: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in Civil War Arkansas”, Civil War History 42 (September1996): 202—203; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, May 2, 1864, William D. Rutherford Papers, SCL; Urwin, “We Cannot Treat Negroes,” pp. 197, 203。皮洛堡事件是否是一场大屠杀，自从它发生以来便一直被人们争论着。最新的历史学著作令人信服地证明了，它的确是一场大屠杀。参见John Cimprich, Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note”, Journal of American History 76 (December 1989):831—833; and Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005)。关于伤亡统计数据，参见Cimprich, Fort Pillow, app. B, pp. 130—131, and table 7, p. 129.另参见联邦官方调查：U.S.Congress, House Report (serial 1206), “Fort Pillow Massacre,” 38thCong., 1st sess., no. 63, 1864。关于杀戮黑人士兵，另参见Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 462, 465, 487。

1706282527

1706282528 [23]George Gautier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George Gautier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), pp. 10—11.

1706282529

1706282530 [24]John Edwards的话引自Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes’”, p.205; Henry Bird to fiancée, August 4, 1864, Bird Family Papers, VHS, quoted in Chandra Miller Manning,“What This Cruel War Was Over: Why Union and Confederate Soldiers Thought They Were Fighting the Civil War”, Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 2002), p. 27。

1706282531

1706282532 [25]Seddon的话引自John David Smith, “Let Us All Be Grateful That We Have Colored Troops That Will Fight,” in John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 45。参见Kirby Smith to Samuel Cooper, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 21—22。

1706282533

1706282534 [26]William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 155.

1706282535

1706282536 [27]Christian Recorder, July 30, 1864, p. 121; April 30, 1864, p. 69; August 22, 1863, p. 133.

1706282537

1706282538 [28]W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935; rpt. New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 110; Christian Recorder, August 1, 1863, p. 126; Letter from Henry Harmon, Christian Recorder, November 7, 1863, p. 177; Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War:Popular Literature of North and South, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 175.参见Andrew K. Black, “In the Service of the United States: Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army,” Journal of Negro History 79, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 317—327。

1706282539

1706282540 [29]Christian Recorder, August 15, 1863, p. 131.关于卡约,参见“The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux,” Harper’s Weekly, August29, 1863; “Funeral of a Negro Soldier”, Weekly Anglo-African (NewYork), August 15, 1863; James G. Hollandsworth Jr., Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); Stephen J. Ochs, A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000)。

1706282541

1706282542 [30]“The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux”, Harper’s Weekly, August 29, 1863, p. 551;另参见Weekly Anglo-African, August 15, 1863。

1706282543

1706282544 [31]George E. Stephens的话引自Donald Yacovone, ed., A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 203。

1706282545

1706282546 [32]“The Two Southern Mothers,” in Weekly Anglo-African, November 7, 1863.

1706282547

1706282548 [33]David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp.113, 115.科维的故事载于Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855; rpt. New York: Dover, 1969), pp. 246—249.

1706282549

1706282550 [34]Christian Recorder, February 20, 1864, p. 29; December 19, 1863, p. 203。

1706282551

1706282552 [35]Cordelia A. Harvey to Governor James Lewis, April 24, 1864, Cordelia A. Harvey Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison.

1706282553

1706282554 [36]Christian Recorder, April 30, 1864, p. 69; July 9, 1864, p. 110; February 4, 1865, p. 18.

1706282555

1706282556 [37]Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in Lincoln: Speeches, Letters and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations (New York: Library of America, 1989), pp. 686—687.

1706282557

1706282558 [38]Aunt Aggy给Mary Livermore讲的这个故事,载于Livermore, My Story of the War (Hartford, Conn.: A. D. Worthington, 1889), p. 261。关于黑人的复仇,另参见Louisa May Alcott, “The Brothers,” Atlantic Monthly, November 1863, in Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die, pp. 191—208, and “Buried Alive,” Harper’s Weekly, May 7, 1864, in Diffley,Live and Die, pp. 284—288。

1706282559

1706282560 [39]Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent University Press, 1994), p. 188; Howells的话引自Gerald Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), p. 128; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; Charles Kerrison to his cousin, July 19, 1862, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL;统计数字来自“Bull Run, First Battle of,” in Heidler and Heidler, eds. Encyclopedia of the Civil War, vol. 1, p. 316, “Shiloh, Battle of,” vol.4, p. 1779, and “Casualties,” vol. 1, pp. 373—374.另参见James McDonough, Shiloh: In Hell Before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977)。与Larry Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).关于南部邦联伤亡情况，参见The War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 27, pp. 338—346; Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 2.李在葛底斯堡的伤亡被他故意压低了，因此只能被估计。John W. Busey与David G. Martin推测为23 231, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th ed. (Hightstown, N.J.: Longstreet House, 2005), p. 258; James M. McPherson认为在24000与28000之间; personal communication to the author, December 27, 2006。

1706282561

1706282562 [40]Colonel Luther Bradley to My dear Buel, January 5, 1863, letter in possession of Robert Bradley, Somerville, Mass.; Frank, “Seeing the Elephant,” p. 120; Henry C. Taylor to Father and Mother, October 1863, Henry C. Taylor Papers, WHS.

1706282563

1706282564 [41]William Stilwell to his Wife, September 18, 1862, in Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll OnlyBe Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War(Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), pp. 184—185. Indiana soldier的话引自Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, p. 119; James B. Sheeran, Confederate Chaplain: A War Journal, ed. Joseph T. Durkin(Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960), pp. 88—89; W. D.Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, July 3, 1862, SCL; Robert Goldthwaite Carter, Four Brothers in Blue: or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 325; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; George G. Benedict, Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment (Burlington, Vt.: Free Press Association, 1891), pp. 190—191.

1706282565

1706282566 [42]Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper, May 24, 1862, p.98; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (1885; rpt. New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 238; L. Minor Blackford, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Story of a Virginia Lady (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 213.关于踩在尸体上，参见Christian Recorder, July 18, 1863; L. S. Bobo to A. Bobo, July 7, 1862, Bobo Papers, CSA Collection, ESBL; Mary A.Newcomb, Four Years of Personal Reminiscences of the War (Chicago: H. S. Mills, 1893), p. 43; John Driscoll to Adelaide, April18, 1862, Gould Family Papers, WHS; Alexander G. Downing, Downing’s Civil War Diary (Des Moines: Historical Department of Iowa, 1916), p. 325。

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