1706282567

1706282568 [43]John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Guthrie, Okla.: State Capital Printing Co., 1893), p. 29; Thompson in Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 54; Chauncey Herbert Cooke, A Soldier Boy’s Letters to His Father and Mother, 1861—1865 (Independence, Wis.: News-Office, 1915), p. 97; Pierc的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action:Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 112; Walker Lee to Dear Mother, June 15, 1862, in Laura Elizabeth Lee Battle, Forget-Me-Nots of the Civil War (St Louis: A.R. Fleming Printing Co., 1909), p. 355。

1706282569

1706282570 [44]Southern Churchman, June 26, 1862; John Weissert to Dearest Mother and Children, December 14, 1862, John Weissert Papers, Box 1, Correspondence Nov.–Dec. 1862, BHL; Henry L. Abbott to J.G. Abbott, October 17, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves, pp. 223—224; “Indifference of Soldiers to Death,” Christian Recorder, November 14, 1863, p. 184; Surgeon [name illegible] to Reverend Patrick Reilly, June 25, 1862, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC; Henry Clay Trumble, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), pp. 158, 39; Isaac Hadden to his Kate, May24, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Charles Wainwright的话引自Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861—1865 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1962), p. 56; Wilbur Fisk的话引自Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 157。

1706282571

1706282572 [45]Weymouth Jordan, ed., “Hugh Harris Robison Letters”, Journal of Mississippi History 1 (January 1939), p. 54; Elijah P. Petty, Journey to Pleasant Hill: The Civil War Letters of Captain Elijah P.Petty, Walker’s Texas Division, CSA, ed. Norman D. Brown (San Antonio: University of Texas, Institute of Texan Cultures, 1982), p.304; Angus Waddle to My dear Sister, March 6, 1862, Ellen Waddle McCoy Papers, MOHS; Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of War: With the Army of the Potomac: Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission Duringthe Peninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor &Co., 1889), p. 114.

1706282573

1706282574 [46]Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 163; Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 89; Soldiers’ Almanac (Richmond, Va.: MacFarlane & Fergusson, 1863).

1706282575

1706282576 第三章 埋葬

1706282577

1706282578 [1]Board of Trustees of the Antietam National Cemetery, History of Antietam National Cemetery (Baltimore: J. W. Woods, 1869), p. 5.

1706282579

1706282580 [2][Henry Raymond], “Editor’s Table”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 8 (April 1854): 690, 691.

1706282581

1706282582 [3]Ibid., pp. 691, 693.关于尸体与死亡，参见Caroline Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity (New York:Columbia University Press, 1995)与Bynum, Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York: Zone Books, 1991)。

1706282583

1706282584 [4]Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 274; Gage的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990),p. 137; Wirt Armistead Cate, ed., Two Soldiers:The Campaign Diaries of Thomas J. Key, C.S.A., December 7, 1863—May 17, 1865 and Robert J. Campbell, U.S.A., January 1, 1864—July 21, 1864 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1938), p. 182; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 16, 1862, p. 334。

1706282585

1706282586 [5]Sutherland, Seasons of War, p. 76.

1706282587

1706282588 [6]A. P. Meylist to Edmund B. Whitman, June 10, 1868, Edmund B.Whitman, Letters and Reports Received, Record Group 92 E A1—397A, NARA; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p.209.尤其参见“Soldiers Graves and Soldier Burials,” pp. 203—232。

1706282589

1706282590 [7]General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp.158, 248.另 参 见James E. Yeatman, [Sanitary Commission, ]“Burial of the Dead,” printed circular, September 20, 1861, William Greenleaf Eliot Collection, MOHS; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775—1939(Washington, D.C.: United States Army, 1989), p. 464。

1706282591

1706282592 [8]Horace H. Cunningham, Field Medical Services at the Battles of Manassas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1968), p. 48; Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta:James McPherson & Co., 1862).

1706282593

1706282594 [9]Report of Colonel Henry A. Weeks, 12th New York Infantry, May 28, 1862, The Warof the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armie(Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office, 1884), ser. 1, vol. 11/1, p. 725;Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 28, 1863, p. 366; Christian Recorder, May 21, 1864, p. 83; Richard F. Miller and Robert F.Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience: Including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket: Wesco PublishingCo., 1994), p. 107.

1706282595

1706282596 [10]许多关于安蒂特姆战役的描述，都声称死难者是在21日之前被埋葬的，但Holt的话反驳了这点。Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 28; Mrs. H. [AnnaM. E. Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals in the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 11。

1706282597

1706282598 [11]James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, May 21, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.（这个例子与这一部分其他例子都不来自安蒂特姆战役,而是来自1864年的斯波齐尔韦尼亚战役。）另参见Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietamand South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 10。

1706282599

1706282600 [12]Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, pp. 9, 5.

1706282601

1706282602 [13]Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 313; Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. 28; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land., pp. 60, 64.关于工具之缺乏,另参见Richard Coolidge to Major General W. A. Hammond, September 4, 1862, Papers of George A. Otis, RG 94 629A, NARA。

1706282603

1706282604 [14]W. B. Coker to his Brother, July 28, 1861, in Mills Lane, ed., “DearMother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 40;Official Record, ser. 1, vol. 27, p. 79, cited in Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. xi; Theodore Fogel to his parents, September 28, 1862, in Lane, ed., Dear Mother, p. 190.

1706282605

1706282606 [15]John A. Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914), p. 254; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, November 14, 1863, p. 124; Frank Oakley的反映载于Cynthia to My Dear Father, August 22, 1862, Frank Oakley Papers, WHS。

1706282607

1706282608 [16]引文来自Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeingthe Elephant”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 122。

1706282609

1706282610 [17]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 89; Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, p. 4; Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, 123; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 127; Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 41; Cyrus F. Boyd, The Civil War Diary of Cyrus F. Boyd, Fifteenth Iowa Infantry 1861—1863, ed. Mildred Throne (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint Co., 1953), pp. 41—42; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (NewYork: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 209; Robert Zaworski, Headstones of Heroes: The Restoration and History of Confederate Graves in Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Co. 1997), p. 7.

1706282611

1706282612 [18]New York Herald, September 7, 1862; James Eldred Phillips Diary, entry for May 1863, p. 16, VHS.关于家猪,参见,例如Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 193, 228; William D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair, August 26, 1861, Rutherford Papers, SCL。

1706282613

1706282614 [19]“Burials”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 20 (August 15, 1864): 623; R. A. Wilkinson to M. F. Wilkinson, July 8, 1862, Wilkinson-Stark Family Papers (mss. 255), The Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans; Hardin的话引自Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, p. 122.

1706282615

1706282616 [20]William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life: Three Years Chaplain in the Famous Irish Brigade, “Army of the Potomac” (Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 91; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 119; Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel, p. 248; Holt, Surgeon’s Civil War, pp. 190, 103.

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