打字猴:1.70628258e+09
1706282580 [2][Henry Raymond], “Editor’s Table”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 8 (April 1854): 690, 691.
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1706282582 [3]Ibid., pp. 691, 693.关于尸体与死亡,参见Caroline Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity (New York:Columbia University Press, 1995)与Bynum, Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York: Zone Books, 1991)。
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1706282584 [4]Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 274; Gage的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990),p. 137; Wirt Armistead Cate, ed., Two Soldiers:The Campaign Diaries of Thomas J. Key, C.S.A., December 7, 1863—May 17, 1865 and Robert J. Campbell, U.S.A., January 1, 1864—July 21, 1864 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1938), p. 182; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 16, 1862, p. 334。
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1706282586 [5]Sutherland, Seasons of War, p. 76.
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1706282588 [6]A. P. Meylist to Edmund B. Whitman, June 10, 1868, Edmund B.Whitman, Letters and Reports Received, Record Group 92 E A1—397A, NARA; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p.209.尤其参见“Soldiers Graves and Soldier Burials,” pp. 203—232。
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1706282590 [7]General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp.158, 248.另 参 见James E. Yeatman, [Sanitary Commission, ]“Burial of the Dead,” printed circular, September 20, 1861, William Greenleaf Eliot Collection, MOHS; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775—1939(Washington, D.C.: United States Army, 1989), p. 464。
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1706282592 [8]Horace H. Cunningham, Field Medical Services at the Battles of Manassas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1968), p. 48; Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta:James McPherson & Co., 1862).
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1706282594 [9]Report of Colonel Henry A. Weeks, 12th New York Infantry, May 28, 1862, The Warof the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armie(Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office, 1884), ser. 1, vol. 11/1, p. 725;Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 28, 1863, p. 366; Christian Recorder, May 21, 1864, p. 83; Richard F. Miller and Robert F.Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience: Including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket: Wesco PublishingCo., 1994), p. 107.
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1706282596 [10]许多关于安蒂特姆战役的描述,都声称死难者是在21日之前被埋葬的,但Holt的话反驳了这点。Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 28; Mrs. H. [AnnaM. E. Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals in the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 11。
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1706282598 [11]James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, May 21, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.(这个例子与这一部分其他例子都不来自安蒂特姆战役,而是来自1864年的斯波齐尔韦尼亚战役。)另参见Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietamand South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 10。
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1706282600 [12]Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, pp. 9, 5.
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1706282602 [13]Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 313; Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. 28; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land., pp. 60, 64.关于工具之缺乏,另参见Richard Coolidge to Major General W. A. Hammond, September 4, 1862, Papers of George A. Otis, RG 94 629A, NARA。
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1706282604 [14]W. B. Coker to his Brother, July 28, 1861, in Mills Lane, ed., “DearMother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 40;Official Record, ser. 1, vol. 27, p. 79, cited in Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. xi; Theodore Fogel to his parents, September 28, 1862, in Lane, ed., Dear Mother, p. 190.
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1706282606 [15]John A. Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914), p. 254; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, November 14, 1863, p. 124; Frank Oakley的反映载于Cynthia to My Dear Father, August 22, 1862, Frank Oakley Papers, WHS。
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1706282608 [16]引文来自Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeingthe Elephant”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 122。
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1706282610 [17]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 89; Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, p. 4; Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, 123; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 127; Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 41; Cyrus F. Boyd, The Civil War Diary of Cyrus F. Boyd, Fifteenth Iowa Infantry 1861—1863, ed. Mildred Throne (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint Co., 1953), pp. 41—42; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (NewYork: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 209; Robert Zaworski, Headstones of Heroes: The Restoration and History of Confederate Graves in Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Co. 1997), p. 7.
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1706282612 [18]New York Herald, September 7, 1862; James Eldred Phillips Diary, entry for May 1863, p. 16, VHS.关于家猪,参见,例如Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 193, 228; William D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair, August 26, 1861, Rutherford Papers, SCL。
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1706282614 [19]“Burials”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 20 (August 15, 1864): 623; R. A. Wilkinson to M. F. Wilkinson, July 8, 1862, Wilkinson-Stark Family Papers (mss. 255), The Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans; Hardin的话引自Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, p. 122.
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1706282616 [20]William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life: Three Years Chaplain in the Famous Irish Brigade, “Army of the Potomac” (Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 91; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 119; Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel, p. 248; Holt, Surgeon’s Civil War, pp. 190, 103.
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1706282618 [21]William Gore, February 25, 1865, BV Gore, William B., NYHS. Edgar Allan Poe在其广受欢迎的短故事中,写了很多关于担心在活着的时候就被埋葬的文字。参见,例如,“The Premature Burial” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”, in Stephen Peithman, ed., The Annotated Tales of Edgar Allan Poe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981).另参见Timothy Trend Blade, “Buried Alive!” American Cemetery, September 1991, pp. 34—54。
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1706282620 [22]Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action: Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 34.
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1706282622 [23]Cate, ed., Two Soldiers, p. 93; Houghton的话引自Coco, Killed in Action, pp. 44—45; Fannie A. Beers, Memories: A Record of Personal Experience and Adventure During Four Years of War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888), p. 83。
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1706282624 [24]Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain, p. 219.
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1706282626 [25]J. W. McClure to My Dearest Kate, August 17, 1864, McClure Family Papers, SCL.
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1706282628 [26]Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 160—161; Charles Kerrison to My Dear Sister, May 19, 1864, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL; GeorgeR. Gauthier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George R. Gauthier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), p. 15; Oliver Wendell Holmes, “My Hunt After ‘The Captain’”, Atlantic 10 (December 1862), p. 743.
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