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[24]John Edwards的话引自Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes’”, p.205; Henry Bird to fiancée, August 4, 1864, Bird Family Papers, VHS, quoted in Chandra Miller Manning,“What This Cruel War Was Over: Why Union and Confederate Soldiers Thought They Were Fighting the Civil War”, Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 2002), p. 27。
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[25]Seddon的话引自John David Smith, “Let Us All Be Grateful That We Have Colored Troops That Will Fight,” in John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 45。参见Kirby Smith to Samuel Cooper, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 21—22。
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[26]William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill
:University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 155.
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[27]Christian Recorder, July 30, 1864, p. 121; April 30, 1864, p. 69; August 22, 1863, p. 133.
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[28]W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935; rpt. New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 110; Christian Recorder, August 1, 1863, p. 126; Letter from Henry Harmon, Christian Recorder, November 7, 1863, p. 177; Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War
:Popular Literature of North and South, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 175.参见Andrew K. Black, “In the Service of the United States: Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army,” Journal of Negro History 79, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 317—327。
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[29]Christian Recorder, August 15, 1863, p. 131.关于卡约,参见“The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux,” Harper’s Weekly, August29, 1863; “Funeral of a Negro Soldier”, Weekly Anglo-African (NewYork), August 15, 1863; James G. Hollandsworth Jr., Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); Stephen J. Ochs, A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000)。
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[30]“The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux”, Harper’s Weekly, August 29, 1863, p. 551;另参见Weekly Anglo-African, August 15, 1863。
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[31]George E. Stephens的话引自Donald Yacovone, ed., A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 203。
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[32]“The Two Southern Mothers,” in Weekly Anglo-African, November 7, 1863.
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[33]David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp.113, 115.科维的故事载于Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855; rpt. New York: Dover, 1969), pp. 246—249.
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[34]Christian Recorder, February 20, 1864, p. 29; December 19, 1863, p. 203。
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[35]Cordelia A. Harvey to Governor James Lewis, April 24, 1864, Cordelia A. Harvey Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison.
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[36]Christian Recorder, April 30, 1864, p. 69; July 9, 1864, p. 110; February 4, 1865, p. 18.
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[37]Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in Lincoln: Speeches, Letters and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations (New York: Library of America, 1989), pp. 686—687.
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[38]Aunt Aggy给Mary Livermore讲的这个故事,载于Livermore, My Story of the War (Hartford, Conn.: A. D. Worthington, 1889), p. 261。关于黑人的复仇,另参见Louisa May Alcott, “The Brothers,” Atlantic Monthly, November 1863, in Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die, pp. 191—208, and “Buried Alive,” Harper’s Weekly, May 7, 1864, in Diffley,Live and Die, pp. 284—288。
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[39]Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent University Press, 1994), p. 188; Howells的话引自Gerald Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), p. 128; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; Charles Kerrison to his cousin, July 19, 1862, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL;统计数字来自“Bull Run, First Battle of,” in Heidler and Heidler, eds. Encyclopedia of the Civil War, vol. 1, p. 316, “Shiloh, Battle of,” vol.4, p. 1779, and “Casualties,” vol. 1, pp. 373—374.另参见James McDonough, Shiloh: In Hell Before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977)。与Larry Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).关于南部邦联伤亡情况，参见The War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 27, pp. 338—346; Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 2.李在葛底斯堡的伤亡被他故意压低了，因此只能被估计。John W. Busey与David G. Martin推测为23 231, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th ed. (Hightstown, N.J.: Longstreet House, 2005), p. 258; James M. McPherson认为在24000与28000之间; personal communication to the author, December 27, 2006。
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[40]Colonel Luther Bradley to My dear Buel, January 5, 1863, letter in possession of Robert Bradley, Somerville, Mass.; Frank, “Seeing the Elephant,” p. 120; Henry C. Taylor to Father and Mother, October 1863, Henry C. Taylor Papers, WHS.
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[41]William Stilwell to his Wife, September 18, 1862, in Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll OnlyBe Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War(Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), pp. 184—185. Indiana soldier的话引自Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, p. 119; James B. Sheeran, Confederate Chaplain: A War Journal, ed. Joseph T. Durkin(Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960), pp. 88—89; W. D.Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, July 3, 1862, SCL; Robert Goldthwaite Carter, Four Brothers in Blue: or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 325; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; George G. Benedict, Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment (Burlington, Vt.: Free Press Association, 1891), pp. 190—191.
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[42]Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper, May 24, 1862, p.98; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (1885; rpt. New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 238; L. Minor Blackford, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Story of a Virginia Lady (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 213.关于踩在尸体上，参见Christian Recorder, July 18, 1863; L. S. Bobo to A. Bobo, July 7, 1862, Bobo Papers, CSA Collection, ESBL; Mary A.Newcomb, Four Years of Personal Reminiscences of the War (Chicago: H. S. Mills, 1893), p. 43; John Driscoll to Adelaide, April18, 1862, Gould Family Papers, WHS; Alexander G. Downing, Downing’s Civil War Diary (Des Moines: Historical Department of Iowa, 1916), p. 325。
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[43]John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Guthrie, Okla.: State Capital Printing Co., 1893), p. 29; Thompson in Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 54; Chauncey Herbert Cooke, A Soldier Boy’s Letters to His Father and Mother, 1861—1865 (Independence, Wis.: News-Office, 1915), p. 97; Pierc的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action
:Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 112; Walker Lee to Dear Mother, June 15, 1862, in Laura Elizabeth Lee Battle, Forget-Me-Nots of the Civil War (St Louis: A.R. Fleming Printing Co., 1909), p. 355。
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[44]Southern Churchman, June 26, 1862; John Weissert to Dearest Mother and Children, December 14, 1862, John Weissert Papers, Box 1, Correspondence Nov.–Dec. 1862, BHL; Henry L. Abbott to J.G. Abbott, October 17, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves, pp. 223—224; “Indifference of Soldiers to Death,” Christian Recorder, November 14, 1863, p. 184; Surgeon [name illegible] to Reverend Patrick Reilly, June 25, 1862, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC; Henry Clay Trumble, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), pp. 158, 39; Isaac Hadden to his Kate, May24, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Charles Wainwright的话引自Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861—1865 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1962), p. 56; Wilbur Fisk的话引自Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 157。
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[45]Weymouth Jordan, ed., “Hugh Harris Robison Letters”, Journal of Mississippi History 1 (January 1939), p. 54; Elijah P. Petty, Journey to Pleasant Hill: The Civil War Letters of Captain Elijah P.Petty, Walker’s Texas Division, CSA, ed. Norman D. Brown (San Antonio: University of Texas, Institute of Texan Cultures, 1982), p.304; Angus Waddle to My dear Sister, March 6, 1862, Ellen Waddle McCoy Papers, MOHS; Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of War: With the Army of the Potomac: Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission Duringthe Peninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor &Co., 1889), p. 114.
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[46]Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 163; Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 89; Soldiers’ Almanac (Richmond, Va.: MacFarlane & Fergusson, 1863).
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第三章 埋葬
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[1]Board of Trustees of the Antietam National Cemetery, History of Antietam National Cemetery (Baltimore: J. W. Woods, 1869), p. 5.
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