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[52]Richmond Enquirer, June 2, 1863, p. 2; December 4, 1863, p. 3; Charles R. Wilson, “The Southern Funeral Director: Managing Deathin the New South,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 67 (Spring 1983)
:53.
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[53]Habenstein and Lamers, History of American Funeral Directing, pp. 330, 334.另参 见Gary Laderman, The Sacred Remains
:American Attitudes Towards Death, 1799—1883 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)与Karen Pomeroy Flood, “Contemplating Corpses: The Dead Body in American Culture, 1870—1920,” Ph.D.diss. (Harvard University, 2001)。
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[54]George A. Townsend, Rustics in Rebellion: A Yankee Reporteron the Road to Richmond, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950), pp. 121—122, 153—154.
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[55]Hardie to Provost Marshal General, City Point, November 23, 1864, M619, 2195, S1864 Roll 309, NARA; Turner and Baker Files, November 8, 1864, 363-B, M797, Roll 130, NARA; R. Burr to Brig. Gen. M. R. Patrick, November 21, 1864, M619 2195 S1864 Roll309, NARA.
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[56]War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Compilation of Laws, Orders, Opinions, Instructions, Etc. in Regard to National Military Cemeteries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 5.另参见Monro MacCloskey, Hallowed Ground: Our National Cemeteries (New York: Richard Rosens Press, 1968), p.24。
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[57]Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
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[58]Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain, p. 209.
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[59]Bowditch, BriefPlea, p. 15.
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[60]“纳特”，即前文“纳撒尼尔”的昵称。——译注
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[61]“大赚一笔”（“make a killing”），字面意思为“制造屠杀”。——译注
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第四章 寻名
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[1]Walt Whitman, Specimen Days (1882; rpt. Boston: David Godine, 1971), p. 60.
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[2]Caroline Alexander, “Letter from Vietnam: Across the River Styx”, New Yorker, October 25, 2004, p. 44.另参见Michael Sledge, Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004)。
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[3]Mark Crawford, Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 1999), p. 68,所引用的数据为，在104, 556名在这场战争中作战的美国士兵中，有13768人死亡。这些死亡中只有八分之一同战斗相关，其余则同疾病有关。
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[4]U.S. War Department, General Orders of the War Department (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp. 158, 248; “Return of Deceased Soldiers” and “Field Returns”, paras. 451, 452, 453, in Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta: James McPherson & Co., 1862); Samuel P. Moore, August 14, 1862, in Wayside Hospital, Charleston, Order and Letter Book, SCL; Charleston Mercury, January 27, 1864; Edward Steere, The Graves Registration Service in World War II, Quartermaster Historical Studies no. 21, Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General (Washington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice, 1951), pp.—5.关于半岛战役中南部邦联伤亡报告之不充分，参见The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 188—1901) ser. 1, vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 559, 760, 775, 501—502。
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[5]Sarah J. Palmer to Harriet R. Palmer, September 5, 1862, Palmer Family Papers, SCL; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs. Carson, July 5, 1864, Carson Family Papers, SCL.
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[6]Elvira J. Powers, Hospital Pencillings: Being a Diary While in Jefferson General Hospital (Boston: Edward L. Mitchel, 1866), p.19.关于牧师，参见Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 134n98,这本书在这里引用了坎伯兰军区助理医疗主任1864年的一则命令。牧师数量参见Steven E. Woodworth, While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), p. 148。
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[7]Daily South Carolinian, June 16, 1864.
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[8]Daily South Carolinian, July 22, 1863; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs.Carson; Mathew Jack Davis Narrative, “War Sketches,” CAH; Joseph Willett to Dear Sister, June 6, 1864, Misc. Mss. Cummings, NYHS; Henry W. Raymond, ed., “Extracts from the Journal of Henry J. Raymond II”, Scribner’s Monthly 19 (January 1880): 419—20; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore
:Toomey Press, 1992), p. 17.
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[9]关于信件，参见W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair Rutherford, June 5, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL。
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[10]J. W. Hoover to Mr. Kuhlman, September 8, 1864, J. W. Hoover Papers, WHS; Reverend Lemuel Moss, Annals of the United States Christian Commission (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1868), pp.411, 506.关于葛底斯堡战役后的信件，参见Andrew Boyd Cross, “The Battle of Gettysburg and the Christian Commission”, in Daniel J. Hoisington, ed., Gettysburg and the Christian Commission ([Roseville, Minn.]: Edinborough Press, 2002), p. 59。一刀相当于24或25张同样大小同样材质的纸。
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[11]Moss, Annals, pp. 512, 487—488, 563, 475.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Letters Written for Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1865, RG 94 E 746与U.S. Christian Commission, Abstracts of Letters Written for Sick and Wounded Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1864—1865, RG 94 E745, NARA。
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[12]Moss, Annals, pp. 409, 439—440.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Letters Received, Individual Relief Department, 1864—1865 RG 94E748, NARA; U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Inquiries, Central Office, 186—1865 RG 94 E743, NARA。
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[13]U.S. Christian Commission, Death Register, 1864—1865, October 6, 1864; October 9, 1864; October 8, 1864; September 19, 1864; October 3, 1864; November 3, 1864; October 18, 1864, RG 94E797, NARA.
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[14]Moss, Annals, pp. 508, 439. U.S. Christian Commission, Record of the Federal Dead Buried from Libby, Belle Isle, Danville and Camp Lawton Prisons and at City Point and in the Field Before Petersburg and Richmond (Philadelphia: J. B. Rodgers, 1866).参见U.S. Christian Commission, Correspondence Concerning “Record of the Federal Dead”, RG 94 E795, NARA。
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