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第四章 寻名
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[1]Walt Whitman, Specimen Days (1882; rpt. Boston: David Godine, 1971), p. 60.
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[2]Caroline Alexander, “Letter from Vietnam: Across the River Styx”, New Yorker, October 25, 2004, p. 44.另参见Michael Sledge, Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004)。
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[3]Mark Crawford, Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 1999), p. 68,所引用的数据为，在104, 556名在这场战争中作战的美国士兵中，有13768人死亡。这些死亡中只有八分之一同战斗相关，其余则同疾病有关。
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[4]U.S. War Department, General Orders of the War Department (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp. 158, 248; “Return of Deceased Soldiers” and “Field Returns”, paras. 451, 452, 453, in Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta: James McPherson & Co., 1862); Samuel P. Moore, August 14, 1862, in Wayside Hospital, Charleston, Order and Letter Book, SCL; Charleston Mercury, January 27, 1864; Edward Steere, The Graves Registration Service in World War II, Quartermaster Historical Studies no. 21, Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General (Washington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice, 1951), pp.—5.关于半岛战役中南部邦联伤亡报告之不充分，参见The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 188—1901) ser. 1, vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 559, 760, 775, 501—502。
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[5]Sarah J. Palmer to Harriet R. Palmer, September 5, 1862, Palmer Family Papers, SCL; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs. Carson, July 5, 1864, Carson Family Papers, SCL.
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[6]Elvira J. Powers, Hospital Pencillings: Being a Diary While in Jefferson General Hospital (Boston: Edward L. Mitchel, 1866), p.19.关于牧师，参见Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 134n98,这本书在这里引用了坎伯兰军区助理医疗主任1864年的一则命令。牧师数量参见Steven E. Woodworth, While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), p. 148。
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[7]Daily South Carolinian, June 16, 1864.
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[8]Daily South Carolinian, July 22, 1863; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs.Carson; Mathew Jack Davis Narrative, “War Sketches,” CAH; Joseph Willett to Dear Sister, June 6, 1864, Misc. Mss. Cummings, NYHS; Henry W. Raymond, ed., “Extracts from the Journal of Henry J. Raymond II”, Scribner’s Monthly 19 (January 1880): 419—20; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore
:Toomey Press, 1992), p. 17.
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[9]关于信件，参见W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair Rutherford, June 5, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL。
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[10]J. W. Hoover to Mr. Kuhlman, September 8, 1864, J. W. Hoover Papers, WHS; Reverend Lemuel Moss, Annals of the United States Christian Commission (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1868), pp.411, 506.关于葛底斯堡战役后的信件，参见Andrew Boyd Cross, “The Battle of Gettysburg and the Christian Commission”, in Daniel J. Hoisington, ed., Gettysburg and the Christian Commission ([Roseville, Minn.]: Edinborough Press, 2002), p. 59。一刀相当于24或25张同样大小同样材质的纸。
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[11]Moss, Annals, pp. 512, 487—488, 563, 475.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Letters Written for Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1865, RG 94 E 746与U.S. Christian Commission, Abstracts of Letters Written for Sick and Wounded Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1864—1865, RG 94 E745, NARA。
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[12]Moss, Annals, pp. 409, 439—440.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Letters Received, Individual Relief Department, 1864—1865 RG 94E748, NARA; U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Inquiries, Central Office, 186—1865 RG 94 E743, NARA。
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[13]U.S. Christian Commission, Death Register, 1864—1865, October 6, 1864; October 9, 1864; October 8, 1864; September 19, 1864; October 3, 1864; November 3, 1864; October 18, 1864, RG 94E797, NARA.
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[14]Moss, Annals, pp. 508, 439. U.S. Christian Commission, Record of the Federal Dead Buried from Libby, Belle Isle, Danville and Camp Lawton Prisons and at City Point and in the Field Before Petersburg and Richmond (Philadelphia: J. B. Rodgers, 1866).参见U.S. Christian Commission, Correspondence Concerning “Record of the Federal Dead”, RG 94 E795, NARA。
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[15]C ha r le s J. S ti l lé, Hi s to r y o f t he U ni te d S ta te s Sani ta r y Co m mi s sion (Ne w Yo r k: Hurd & Houghton, 1868), p. 451; George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), chap. 7; Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000); Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil
:Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1956).
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[16]Stillé, History of Sanitary Commission, pp. 287, 308.
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[17]Ibid., p. 309; John Herrick to Frederick Law Olmsted, December14, 1862, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Letters of Inquiry, Box 192.2, folder 3, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
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[18]Sanitary Reporter, January 15, 1864, p. 135.
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[19]Stillé, History of Sanitary Commission, p. 309; Howard A. Martinto H. A. de France, July 4, 1863, John Bowne to H. A. de France, July 9, 1863, July 16, 1863, and July 21, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 1, Box 596, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL; H. A. de France to Jos. P. Holbrook, July 27, 1863 and July 18, 1863, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 195.1, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
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[20]Richard Deering, June 13, 1864, Louisville Hospital Directory Archives, Chattanooga, Special Inquiries, April 8, 1864, to August 25, 1864, Box 284.2, folder 1, p. 58; Report of Hospital Directory, July 9, 1864, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 192.3, folder 12, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL; “The Hospital Directory”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1 (December 15, 1863)
:109.
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[21]Report of Hospital Directory, July 9, 1864, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 192.3, folder 12, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.关于伤亡数字，参见James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 742。
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22Peter Williams to Dear Sir, March 28, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 1, Box 596, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL. Susannah Hampton to Dear Sir, September 14, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
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23Mrs. Biddy Higgins to Sir, December 16, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
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24John Bowne to John W. Wilson, December 17, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
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