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[2]Carwardine的话语教堂统计数据，载于Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 12。
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[3]Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (London: John Murray, 1830—33); Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859).关于对《圣经》的批评，参见Jerry Wayne Brown, The Rise of Biblical Criticism in America, 1800—1870: The New England Scholars (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969); Hans W. Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); James Turner, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)。Lyell在内战中间就出版了另一本巨著。参见The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation (London: John Murray, 1863)。
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[4]关于从上帝创造目的论出发的观点，经典著作为William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802)关于在内战时期发表的试图调和Darwin与Lyell的科学同宗教信仰的两篇文章，参见Reverend Edward F. Williams, “On the Origin of Species,”Evangelical Quarterly Review 16 ( January 1865): 11—23,与Daniel R. Goodwin, “The Antiquity of Man”, American Presbyterian and Theological Review 6 (April 1864): 233—259。
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[5]Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), p. 18.另参见Robert C. Albrecht, “The Theological Response of the Transcendentalists to the Civil War,” New England Quarterly 38 (March 1965): 21—34。
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[6]Sweet, Speaking Dead, p. 7; A. M. Poindexter, Why Will Ye Die?(Raleigh, N.C.: n.p., 186—); G. A. A. Riggs, Diary, August 14, 1864, CAH.
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[7]参见Mark Schantz, “The American Civil War and the Culture(s) of Death,” unpublished paper; W. H. Christian, The Importance of a Soldier Becoming a Christian (Richmond, Va.: Soldiers’ Track Association, [186—]), p. 3; Hancock女士的话，引自North Carolina Presbyterian, August 4, 1862 p. 149; Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers,” in Faust, Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), pp. 98—99。
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[8]Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, July 7, 1864; Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, August 9, 1863, July 17, 1863, May 27, 1863,均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[9]Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, October 15, 1863; Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, April 24, 1864;均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[10]A. S. Collins and H. Collins to Jestin Hampton, March 21, 1865; Thomas B. Hampton Obituary [March 1865]
:据来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[11]P hi li p pe A riè s, T he Hour o f Our Dea t h, t ran s. He len Weav er (Ne w Yo r k: A l f re d A. Knopf, 1981), pp. 557—601; Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974).
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[12]“My God! What Is All This For?”, Wolf C116, American Song Sheets Collection, LCP.
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[13]Captain Edson Gerry, “Battle of Winchester,” Wolf 108, online at musicanet.org/robokopp/usa/harkthem.htm; “Tell Mother, I Die Happy,” words by C. A. Vosburgh, music by Jabez Burns (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 2290.另参见，“Shall We Know Each Other There?,” Wolf 2081, “Our Southern Dead”, Wolf C130, E. Walter Lowe, “The Dying Soldier” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 5486; L. Katzenburger, “The Dying Confederate’s Last Words,” Wolf C49, “Oh! Bless Me, Mother, Ere I Die,” Wolf 1653,均载于American Song Sheet Collection, LCP。
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[14]J. L. M’Creery, “There Is No Death,” Arthur’s Home Magazine 22 (July 1863): 41.
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[15]Swedenborg的话引自Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p.186。参见Erland J. Brock, ed., Swedenborg and HisInfluenc(BrynAthyn, Pa.: Academy of the New Church, 1988)。我感谢James Kloppenberg与Trygve Throntveit在Swedenborg的问题上为我提供了帮助。关于天堂，另参见Jeffrey Burton Russell, Paradise Mislaid: How We Lost Heaven and How We Can Regain It (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006)。
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[16]James H. Moorhead, “‘As Though Nothing At All Had Happened’
:Death and Afterlife in Protestant Thought, 1840—1955,” Soundings 67, no. 4 (1984): 458—459. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic,” in Robert E. Spiller, ed., Selected Essays, Lectures and Poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Washington Square Press, 1965), p. 155.
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[17]Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1861, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston
:Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, p. 237. Dickinson的话引自ShiraWolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 44; Emily Dickinson, “I never felt at Home—Below—,”
#413, in Thomas H. Johnson, The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960); McDannell and Lang, Heaven, p. 228; Daily South Carolinian, April 24, 1864; Phillip Shaw Paludan, A People’s Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861—1865 (1988; rpt. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 367; Harper’s Weekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784;诗歌载于Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 26 (February 1863): 384, and 29 (October 1864): 584。
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[18]Robert Patterson, Visions of Heaven for the Life on Earth (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1877); Harper’sWeekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784; William Branks, Heaven Our Home: We Have No Saviour But Jesus and No Home But Heaven (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1864).这本书共有25章，被分为了三个部分；第二部分为“Recognition。”Rebecca Gratz to Ann Boswell Gratz, September 12, 1861, in David Philipson, ed., Letters of Rebecca Gratz (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), p.427.关于天堂与犹太人，参见Henry Harbaugh, “Heavenly Recognition Among the Jews,” The Heavenly Recognition; or, An Earnest and Scriptural Discussion of the Question, Will We Know Our Friends in Heaven (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blackiston, 1865), pp. 85—115。
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[19]Epes Sargent, The Proof Palpable of Immortality: Being an Account of the Materialization Phenomena of Modern Spiritualism (Boston: Colby and Rich, 1875).
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[20]Robert S. Cox, Body and Soul: A Sympathetic History of American Spiritualism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), p. 169; James Henry Hammond Diary, December 13, 1853, James Henry Hammond Papers, SCL;参见Drew Gilpin Faust, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840—1860 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp.66—67. Ann Braude展示了唯灵论同女权主义尤其紧密的联系，参见Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Boston: BeaconPress, 1989)。关于唯灵论者数量，North American Review在1855年估计，1855年至少有200万；Harriet Beecher Stowe在1869年认为，为400万至500万；相信唯灵论的作家Emma Hardinge在1870年估计，为1100万。Nina Baym, “Introduction”, in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Three Spiritualist Novels (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. ix.
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[21]Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), pp. 218—220, 221; “Lincoln’s Attendance at Spiritualist Seances,” Lincoln Lore, no. 1499 (January 1963): 1—4; no. 1500 (February 1963): 1—2; John Pierpont, “My Child,” online at www.poetry-archive.com/p/pierpont_john.htm; Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, Memorial (Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1865), p. 49; Bret E. Carroll, Spiritualism in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 16—34。
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[22]Cox, Body and Soul, p. 176.
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[23]Epes Sargent, Planchette: or, The Despair of Science (Boston
:Roberts Brothers, 1869). “Novel amusement”的说法来自“The Boston Planchette,” American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., reproduced in Braude, Radical Spirits, fig. 5, after p. 114
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[24]R. Laurence Moore, In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 38; Epes Sargent, The Scientific Basisof Spiritualism (Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881), p. 346; John W. Edmonds and George T. Dexter, Spiritualism (New York: Partridge & Brittan, 1853), p. 360; Sargent, Planchette, p. 279.
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[25]“The Second Death,” Banner of Light, October 19, 1861, p. 6; “Message Department,” April 26, 1862, p. 6; May 31, 1862, p. 6; July 2, 1864, p. 1.; December 13, 1862, p. 6.
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[26]Banner of Light, April 26, 1862, p. 6.
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