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[19]Epes Sargent, The Proof Palpable of Immortality: Being an Account of the Materialization Phenomena of Modern Spiritualism (Boston: Colby and Rich, 1875).
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[20]Robert S. Cox, Body and Soul: A Sympathetic History of American Spiritualism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), p. 169; James Henry Hammond Diary, December 13, 1853, James Henry Hammond Papers, SCL;参见Drew Gilpin Faust, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840—1860 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp.66—67. Ann Braude展示了唯灵论同女权主义尤其紧密的联系，参见Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Boston: BeaconPress, 1989)。关于唯灵论者数量，North American Review在1855年估计，1855年至少有200万；Harriet Beecher Stowe在1869年认为，为400万至500万；相信唯灵论的作家Emma Hardinge在1870年估计，为1100万。Nina Baym, “Introduction”, in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Three Spiritualist Novels (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. ix.
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[21]Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), pp. 218—220, 221; “Lincoln’s Attendance at Spiritualist Seances,” Lincoln Lore, no. 1499 (January 1963): 1—4; no. 1500 (February 1963): 1—2; John Pierpont, “My Child,” online at www.poetry-archive.com/p/pierpont_john.htm; Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, Memorial (Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1865), p. 49; Bret E. Carroll, Spiritualism in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 16—34。
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[22]Cox, Body and Soul, p. 176.
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[23]Epes Sargent, Planchette: or, The Despair of Science (Boston
:Roberts Brothers, 1869). “Novel amusement”的说法来自“The Boston Planchette,” American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., reproduced in Braude, Radical Spirits, fig. 5, after p. 114
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[24]R. Laurence Moore, In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 38; Epes Sargent, The Scientific Basisof Spiritualism (Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881), p. 346; John W. Edmonds and George T. Dexter, Spiritualism (New York: Partridge & Brittan, 1853), p. 360; Sargent, Planchette, p. 279.
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[25]“The Second Death,” Banner of Light, October 19, 1861, p. 6; “Message Department,” April 26, 1862, p. 6; May 31, 1862, p. 6; July 2, 1864, p. 1.; December 13, 1862, p. 6.
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[26]Banner of Light, April 26, 1862, p. 6.
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[27]Banner of Light, September 19, 1863; July 16, 1864; May 10, 1862; all p. 6.
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[28]Banner of Light, August 29, 1863, p. 6.
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[29]Ibid.参见S. Weir Mitchell用小说形式呈现的一位被截肢者同其四肢的唯灵论式重聚，“The Case of George Dedlow,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1866, online at www.painonline.org/pdf/dedlow.pdf。
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[30]National Park Service, Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, Names Index Project, online at www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/info.htm.其数据来自National Archives的General Index Cards of the Compiled Military Service记录。
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[31]Banner of Light, May 31, 1862, p. 5; Sweet, Speaking Dead, pp.11, 12, 3.
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[32]Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Chapters from a Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1896) pp. 96, 97, 98, 127, 128; Helen Sootin Smith, “Introduction,” Phelps, The Gates Ajar (1868; rpt. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. xxxiv.参见Barton Levi St. Armand, “Paradise Deferred: The Image of Heaven in the Work of Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,” American Quarterly 29 (Spring 1977): 55—78; Ann Douglas, “Heaven Our Home: Consolation Literature in the Northern United States, 1830—1880,” American Quarterly 26 (December 1974): 496—515; Lisa Long, “The Corporeity of Heaven: Rehabilitating the Civil War Body in The Gates Ajar,” American Literature 69 (December 1997)
:781—811;与Carol Farley Kessler, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982).
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[33]Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, The Gates Ajar, in Three Spiritualist Novels pp. 5, 32.参见Mark Twain对The Gates Ajar的“滑稽讽刺” ——Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven (1909; rpt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)。这或许是The Gates Ajar文化影响的最好证明。
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[34]Phelps, Gates, pp. 41, 110, 42.
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[35]Ibid., p. 50.
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[36]Ibid., pp. 65, 64.
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[37]Ibid., pp. 10—11.
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[38]Catherine Edmondston, Journal of a Secesh Lady: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860—1866, ed. Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton (Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1979), p. 461; J. Michael Welton, ed., “My Heart Is So Rebellious”: The Caldwell Letters, 1861—1865 (Warrenton, Va.: Fauquier National Bank, 1991), pp. 240, 241; Clara Solomon Diary, entry for June 7, 1861, Louisiana State University; Anne Darden, Diary, entry for July 20, 1861, North Carolina Department of Archives and History.参见Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slave holding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 190—195.关于约伯与“尽管他杀死了我”，参见Peyton Harrison Hoge, Moses Drury Hoge: Life and Letters (Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1899), pp.235—237.
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[39]Abraham Lincoln, “Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania”, November 19, 1863, in Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859—1865 (New York: Library of America, 1989), p. 536.
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[40]Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in Speeches and Writings, pp. 686—687.
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[41]Stephen Elliott, Ezra’s Dilemna [sic]: A Sermon (Savannah, Ga.
:Power Press of George N. Nichols, 1863), p. 17; Stephen Elliott, Gideon’s Water-Lappers: A Sermon (Macon, Ga.: Burke, Boykin &Co., 1864), p. 20.关于天意主义，参见Mark Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 75—94。关于宗教与民族主义，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), pp. 22—40。感谢Katy Park在拉丁文上的帮助。
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[42]Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” p. 687.
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[43]Horace Bushnell, “Our Obligations to the Dead,” in Building Erasin Religion (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881), pp. 322, 327.
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