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[51]Bowditch, “Memorial,” p. 1015; Memorials of Lieut. Nathaniel Bowditch A.A.A.G., 1st Cavalry Brigade, Second Division, Army ofthe Potomac, title page, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS. “My Child”原以“He’s not there”题目发表于Monthly Miscellany 3(October 1840): 193—194。这首诗是“作者写给一个牧师朋友的，有关于他唯一儿子之罹难。”另参见Louis Harmon Peet, Who’s the Author?: A Guide to the Authorship of Novels, Stories, Speeches, Songs and General Writings of American Literature (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1901), p. 169与Henry I. Bowditch, “The Celebration of John Pierpont’s Centennial Birthday,” Reminiscences (Boston: n.p., 1885)。
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[52]Bowditch to My Darling, March 19, 1863; Nat的葬礼，James Freeman Clarke牧师的讲话，均来自“Manuscripts,” vol. 2, pp.97, 160—64, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS。
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[53]Bowditch, “Memorial,” p. 1015; Henry I. Bowditch, A Brief Plea for an Ambulance System for the Army of the United States, as Drawn from the Extra Sufferings of the Late Lieutenant Bowditch and a Wounded Comrade (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863).
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[54]“使具体化”（“embody”）词根为“尸体、肉体”（“body”）。——译注
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[55]该诗及后面两首诗的译文，皆引自惠特曼著、赵萝蕤译《草叶集》（上海：上海译文出版社，1991年，第571—587页，第862页）。 ——译注
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[56]原文这里为“罗伯森”（“Robertson”），当为“鲁宾逊”之误。——译注
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第六章 信仰与怀疑
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[1]John D. Sweet, The Speaking Dead. A Discourse Occasioned by the Death of Serg’t Edward Amos Adams (Boston: Commercial Printing House, 1864), pp. 6, 4, 5.
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[2]Carwardine的话语教堂统计数据，载于Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 12。
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[3]Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (London: John Murray, 1830—33); Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859).关于对《圣经》的批评，参见Jerry Wayne Brown, The Rise of Biblical Criticism in America, 1800—1870: The New England Scholars (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969); Hans W. Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); James Turner, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)。Lyell在内战中间就出版了另一本巨著。参见The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation (London: John Murray, 1863)。
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[4]关于从上帝创造目的论出发的观点，经典著作为William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802)关于在内战时期发表的试图调和Darwin与Lyell的科学同宗教信仰的两篇文章，参见Reverend Edward F. Williams, “On the Origin of Species,”Evangelical Quarterly Review 16 ( January 1865): 11—23,与Daniel R. Goodwin, “The Antiquity of Man”, American Presbyterian and Theological Review 6 (April 1864): 233—259。
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[5]Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), p. 18.另参见Robert C. Albrecht, “The Theological Response of the Transcendentalists to the Civil War,” New England Quarterly 38 (March 1965): 21—34。
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[6]Sweet, Speaking Dead, p. 7; A. M. Poindexter, Why Will Ye Die?(Raleigh, N.C.: n.p., 186—); G. A. A. Riggs, Diary, August 14, 1864, CAH.
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[7]参见Mark Schantz, “The American Civil War and the Culture(s) of Death,” unpublished paper; W. H. Christian, The Importance of a Soldier Becoming a Christian (Richmond, Va.: Soldiers’ Track Association, [186—]), p. 3; Hancock女士的话，引自North Carolina Presbyterian, August 4, 1862 p. 149; Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers,” in Faust, Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), pp. 98—99。
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[8]Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, July 7, 1864; Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, August 9, 1863, July 17, 1863, May 27, 1863,均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[9]Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, October 15, 1863; Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, April 24, 1864;均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[10]A. S. Collins and H. Collins to Jestin Hampton, March 21, 1865; Thomas B. Hampton Obituary [March 1865]
:据来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。
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[11]P hi li p pe A riè s, T he Hour o f Our Dea t h, t ran s. He len Weav er (Ne w Yo r k: A l f re d A. Knopf, 1981), pp. 557—601; Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974).
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[12]“My God! What Is All This For?”, Wolf C116, American Song Sheets Collection, LCP.
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[13]Captain Edson Gerry, “Battle of Winchester,” Wolf 108, online at musicanet.org/robokopp/usa/harkthem.htm; “Tell Mother, I Die Happy,” words by C. A. Vosburgh, music by Jabez Burns (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 2290.另参见，“Shall We Know Each Other There?,” Wolf 2081, “Our Southern Dead”, Wolf C130, E. Walter Lowe, “The Dying Soldier” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 5486; L. Katzenburger, “The Dying Confederate’s Last Words,” Wolf C49, “Oh! Bless Me, Mother, Ere I Die,” Wolf 1653,均载于American Song Sheet Collection, LCP。
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[14]J. L. M’Creery, “There Is No Death,” Arthur’s Home Magazine 22 (July 1863): 41.
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[15]Swedenborg的话引自Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p.186。参见Erland J. Brock, ed., Swedenborg and HisInfluenc(BrynAthyn, Pa.: Academy of the New Church, 1988)。我感谢James Kloppenberg与Trygve Throntveit在Swedenborg的问题上为我提供了帮助。关于天堂，另参见Jeffrey Burton Russell, Paradise Mislaid: How We Lost Heaven and How We Can Regain It (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006)。
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[16]James H. Moorhead, “‘As Though Nothing At All Had Happened’
:Death and Afterlife in Protestant Thought, 1840—1955,” Soundings 67, no. 4 (1984): 458—459. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic,” in Robert E. Spiller, ed., Selected Essays, Lectures and Poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Washington Square Press, 1965), p. 155.
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[17]Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1861, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston
:Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, p. 237. Dickinson的话引自ShiraWolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 44; Emily Dickinson, “I never felt at Home—Below—,”
#413, in Thomas H. Johnson, The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960); McDannell and Lang, Heaven, p. 228; Daily South Carolinian, April 24, 1864; Phillip Shaw Paludan, A People’s Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861—1865 (1988; rpt. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 367; Harper’s Weekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784;诗歌载于Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 26 (February 1863): 384, and 29 (October 1864): 584。
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[18]Robert Patterson, Visions of Heaven for the Life on Earth (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1877); Harper’sWeekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784; William Branks, Heaven Our Home: We Have No Saviour But Jesus and No Home But Heaven (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1864).这本书共有25章，被分为了三个部分；第二部分为“Recognition。”Rebecca Gratz to Ann Boswell Gratz, September 12, 1861, in David Philipson, ed., Letters of Rebecca Gratz (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), p.427.关于天堂与犹太人，参见Henry Harbaugh, “Heavenly Recognition Among the Jews,” The Heavenly Recognition; or, An Earnest and Scriptural Discussion of the Question, Will We Know Our Friends in Heaven (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blackiston, 1865), pp. 85—115。
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