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[52]Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York
:Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 7; “Mother, Come Your Boy Is Dying” [sheet music] (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.); “Bless Me, Mother, Ere I Die” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.); “Who Will Care for Mother Now?” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.); “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother,” in A Storm in the Land: Music of the 26th North Carolina Regimental Band, C.S.A. (New York: New World Records, 2002).
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[53]“Mother Would Comfort Me” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf1472, words and music online at freepages.music.rootsweb.com/~edgmon/cwcomfort.htm; “Mother Would Wallop Me” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf 1470; JohnC. Cross, “Mother on the Brain” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf 1473,均来自American Song Sheet Collection, LCP. Seesouthern editions: “Who Will Care for Mother Now?” (Macon and Savannah, Ga.: J. C. Schreiner & Son, 186—); “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother” (Richmond, Va.: C. Nordendorf, 1863); “Mother, Is the Battle Over?” (Columbia, S.C.: B. Duncan, 1863)。
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[54]Twain, Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven
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[55]Bierce的话引自Roy Morris Jr., Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 182; Bierce的话引自Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 183; Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 137。参见Lara Cohen, “‘A Supper of Horrors Too Long Drawn Out’
:Ambrose Bierce’s Literary Terrorism and the Reinstatement of Death,” B.A. paper (University of Chicago, 1999),感谢Lara Cohen提供; Cathy N. Davidson, The Experimental Fictions of Ambrose Bierce: Structuring the Ineffable (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984); Cathy N. Davidson, ed., Critical Essays on Ambrose Bierce (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982)。
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[56]Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Ambrose Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, ed. Russell Duncan and David J.Klooster (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002); Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 161。
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[57]Ambrose Bierce, “What I Saw of Shiloh,” in Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 103.
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[58]Ambrose Bierce, “A Tough Tussle,” in Ernest Jerome Hopkins, comp., The Civil War Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), p. 39.
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[59]Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p.622.
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[60]Bierce, “Tough Tussle”, pp. 39, 41.
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[61]Ibid., pp. 41, 43, 44.
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[62]Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 21。
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[63]Ambrose Bierce, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, in Civil War Stories of Bierce, pp. 45—52; Robert C. Evans, ed., Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” An Annotated Critical Edition (West Cornwall, Conn.: Locust Hill Press, 2003).
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[64]Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Devil’s Dictionary, p. 34。
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[65]Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (NewYork: Neale Publishing Co., 1911), vol. 8, p. 347.
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[66]Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness,” in Battle-Piecesand Aspects of the War: Civil War Poems (1866; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. 103; Melville的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction,” ibid., p. viii.另参见Robert Penn Warren, “Melville’s Poems,” Southern Review 3 (Autumn 1967): 799—855。
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[67]Herman Melville, “The March into Virginia,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 23; Melville, “On the Slain Collegians,” ibid., p. 159.另参见Stanton Garner, The Civil War World of Herman Melville (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993); Warren, “Melville’s Poems”, p.809; Joyce Sparer Adler, War in Melville’s Imagination (New York: New York University Press, 1981); Andrew Delbanco, Melville: His World and His Work (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005)。
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[68]Hawthorne的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction” to Melville, Battle-Pieces, p. iv; Aaron, Unwritten War, p. 88。
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[69]Melville, “Armies of the Wilderness,” pp. 101, 102; Melville, “A Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Fight,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 62.
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[70]Melville, “Shiloh,” in Battle-Pieces, 63; “Armies of the Wilderness,” p. 103; Melville, “Shiloh”, p. 63.
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[71]Emily Dickinson, “My Triumph lasted till the Drums,” #1227, and “They dropped like Flakes—,” #409 in Thomas H. Johnson, ed., The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960).参见Robert Milder, “The Rhetoric of Melville’s BattlePieces,”Nineteenth-Century Literature 44 (September 1989), pp. 173—200; Maurice S. Lee, “Writing Through the War; Melville and Dickinson After the Renaissance,” PMLA 115 (October 2000): pp. 1124—1128。
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[72]David Higgins, Portrait of Emily Dickinson, The Poet and Her Prose (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1967); Thomas W. Ford, “Emily Dickinson and the Civil War,” University Review—Kansas City 31 (Spring 1965): 199.关于战争对Dickinson的重要性之最系统研究，参见Shira Wolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)。在The Unwritten War一书中，Daniel Aaron将Dickinson的归入Supplement 4，共一页半，并强调她的经历的个人性质，虽然他同时也展示了战争意象对她的诗歌之影响，参见此书pp.355—356。
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[73]Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, June 8, 1862, and [n.d.] 1863, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, pp. 304, 310.
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[74]Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 243; William A. Stearns, Adjutant Stearns (Boston: Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, 1862), p.106.另参见Roger Lundin, Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 122—123.另一阿默斯特邻居在“被鲜血染红的马里兰州”安蒂特姆战役中的死亡，促使Dickinson在这年末写出了“When I was small, a Woman died”一诗，即#596 in Complete Poems of Dickinson。
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[75]Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, [n.d.] 1863, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 309; Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, ibid., p. 243.
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[76]Emily Dickinson, “I dwell in Possibility,” #657, Complete Poems of Dickinson; Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, April 26, 1862, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 302; “Death is a Dialogue between,” #976; “At least—to pray—is left—is left,” #502; “We pray—to Heaven—” #489; “I felt my life with both my hands,” #351; “Ourselves we do inter with sweet derision,” #1144,均载于Complete Poems of Dickinson。
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