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[5]Samuel Johnson, “Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress, ”in The Works of Samuel Johnson (New York
:Pafraets ＆ Company, 1913) Vol. 14, 93-144.
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[6]Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (London, 1773) 7.
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[7]John Woolman, Journal of John Woolman, available at: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WooJour.html (November 29, 2009) chapter VII, 251;Woolman, “Considerations on Keeping Negroes, ”Part II (1762) quoted in David G. Houston, “John Woolman’s Efforts in Behalf of Freedom, ”Journal of Negro History, 2 (April 1917): 126-138, 135, n. 24.
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[8]Eliza Lucas Pinckney to Mr. Morley, March 14, 1760; to Mrs. Evance, March 15, 1760, in William A. Link and Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, The South in the History of the Nation, Vol. I (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999) 72, 74-75.
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[9]Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958) 351.
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[10]Ebenezer Baldwin, The Duty of Rejoicing Under Calamities and Afflictions(New York: Hugh Gaine, 1776) 21-22.
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[11]Samuel Ward to Henry Ward, November 11, 1775, in Letters of Delegates to Congress, available at: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw: @field(DOCID±@lit(dg002322)) (December 20, 2009)
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[12]Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783 (Pittsburgh, PA: Ritenour and Lindsey, 1912) 142.
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[13]George Washington to Meshech Weare et al., “Circular Letter on Continental Army, ”October 18, 1780, in The George Washington Papers, Library of Congress, available at: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html(December 27, 2009).
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[14]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 16, 1776; to Meshech Weare et al., October 18, 1780, in Washington Papers.
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[15]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 23, 1777, in Washington Papers.
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[16]George Washington to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778, in Washington Papers.
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[17]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 20, 1776; to John Sullivan, December 17, 1780, in Washington Papers.
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[18]Clinton, memo of conversation on February 7, 1776, quoted in Stephen Conway, “To Subdue America: British Army Officers and the Conduct of the Revolutionary War, ”William and Mary Quarterly, 43:3 (July 1986): 381-407, quote 381.
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[19]George Washington to John Banister, April 21, 1778, in Washington Papers.
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[20]Benjamin Rush, “Address to the People of the United States, ”American Museum, Philadelphia, January 1787.
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[21]21 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, a Preliminary Review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and States, before the Adoption of the Constitution (Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company;Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co., 1833) 3: 1120.
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[22]Noah Webster, American Magazine, 1788; quoted in Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretative Essay (New York: Collier Books, 1961) 57.
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[23]23 Benjamin Rush to Dr. John Coakley Lettsom, September 28, 1787, quoted in John P. Kaminski, A Necessary Evil? Slavery and the Debate over the Constitution(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995) 117
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剑桥美国史 第五章 地球上最后一丝最美好的希望——走向第二次美国革命
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我们知道如何挽救联邦。世界也相信我们知道如何挽救它。我们——甚至是今天在座的各位——都拥有这项权力，也肩负这个责任。给奴隶自由就是保障自由人的自由，我们所给予和保留的同样光明磊落。我们将要么高尚地挽救、要么卑鄙地丧失人间最后一丝最美好的希望。
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亚伯拉罕·林肯《国情咨文》，1862年
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本杰明·拉什曾说过，独立战争的结束只不过是走向共和这出大戏的第一幕终。同样，宪法的拟订尚未让这个新国家的行政和政治结构盖棺论定。当时的漫画将其描绘为“美国的胜利”（见图22），但与胜利同时到来的也有骚乱。1763年解除法国的威胁后，殖民地开始有空间思考自己与“祖国”之间的屈从关系；如今大不列颠也退出美洲舞台，只留下这个新共和国独处，这就带来了潜在的问题。古弗尼尔·莫里斯（Gouverneur Morris）因在宪法序言里写下以“我们合众国人民”开头的著名长句而广受赞誉，他就曾在制宪大会上警告说，这个“国家必须团结，如果言辞无法说服，就动用武力解决”[1]。开国元勋们虽然没有否认这点，但还是尝试做出更现实的考虑。《十三州邦联宪法》和《美国宪法》之间最重要的区别就在于：后者认为在建立联邦的过程中，寻求一致同意是不可行的。
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