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11 Sirionó population: Holmberg 1969
:12 (fewer than 150 during his fieldwork). Rydén (1941
:21) estimated 6,000-10,000 in the late 1920s, presumably a pre-epidemic count. Today there are 600-2,000 (Balée 1999; Townsend 1996
:22). Stearman(1986
:8) estimated 3,000-6,000.
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12 Stearman returns, bottleneck, abuse by army and ranchers, Holmberg’s fail ure to grasp: Stearman 1984; Stearman 1987; author’s interviews, Balée, Erickson, Langstroth. Holmberg(1969
:8-9) noted the incidence of clubfoot and ear marks, but made little of it.
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12 Migration of Sirionó: Interviews, Balée; Barry 1977; Priest 1980; Pärssinen 2003. A Spanish account from 1636 suggests that they had arrived only a few decades before (Métraux 1942
:97), but this is not widely accepted.
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14 First Beni research and Denevan thesis: Nordenskiöld 1979a; Denevan 1966.
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1706315783
16 Bauré culture and Erickson’s perspective: Interviews, Erickson; Erickson 1995, 2000b, 2005; Anon. 1743.
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1706315785
16 Las Casas ethnography: Casas 1992a; Wagner 1967
:287-89 (publication history).
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1706315787
16 “lyve in that goulden”: Arber ed. 1885:71 (letter, Martire, p., to Charles V, 30 Sept. 1516).
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1706315789
16 “印第安智慧”：“我们无法通过人力与方法得到真理；归纳法和其它谬误也并没有什么两样，即便是在机械与艺术的助力下，最具科学的也依然将会是最健康、最友善，并且拥有更完美的印第安智慧的人” [Thoreau 1996（vol.5）
:131]。
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16 Crying Indian campaign: Krech 1999
:14-16.
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1706315793
17 Indians without history
:“In North America, whites are the bearers of environmental original sin, because whites alone are recognized as laboring. But whites are thus also, by the same token, the only real bearers of history. This is why our flattery … of ‘simpler’ peoples is an act of such immense condescension. For in a modern world defined by change, whites are portrayed as the only beings who make a difference” (White 1995
:175). The phrase“people without history”was popularized in an ironic sense in Wolf 1997.
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17 “Unproductive waste”: Bancroft 1834-76 [vol.1]
:3-4.
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1706315797
17 Kroeber on warfare and agriculture: Kroeber 1934
:10-12 (all quotes).
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1706315799
17 Conrad on Indian dyspepsia: Conrad 1923
:vi.
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17 “pagans expecting”: Morison 1974
:737.
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1706315803
17 “chief function”: Trevor-Roper 1965:9. To be fair, the baron was dismissing all indigenous peoples around the world, not singling out Indians.
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18 Fitzgerald survey: Fitzgerald 1980
:89-93 (“resolutely backward,”90; “lazy,”91; “few paragraphs,”93). See also, Axtell 1992.
1706315806
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1706315809
18 New perspectives and techniques: Crosby 1994 (“faint smudges,”7).
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19 “replaced”: Vale 1998
:231.
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1706315813
20 Growth of Bering Strait theory and fight over Chilean site: See Chap. 5.
1706315814
1706315815
21 Deloria index entries: Deloria 1995
:284.
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21 新石器革命及农业的发明：实例见于Lev-Yadun, Gopher, and Abbo 2000; Mithen 2004。简言之，在公元前12500年左右的巴勒斯坦，人类通过采集与照料作物，组成了小型的永久性村落。真正意义上的农业直到两千年后才在土耳其南部出现，其原因至今仍有争论。到了公元前4000年左右，这些村落发展成了等级划分的城镇或城市。早期的文字至少可以追溯到公元前3000年。五个世纪以后，文字系统得到了统一，乌鲁克城的人口也达到了四万之众。
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21 “人类进程”：Wright 2005
:45。最早发展农业的新月沃地为古埃及、希腊、印度及美索不达米亚等地后来的文明奠定了基础。中国显然是独立发明了农耕技术，但其数学、文字、艺术和诸多其它领域的成就都借鉴了新月沃地的先例。然而围绕最后这种说法，学界产生了激烈的辩论。一些人相信，中国文明正如秘鲁与中美洲一样，独立于苏美尔。
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22 Maize and early American domestications, Olmec accomplishments: See Chaps. 6, 7.
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23 “one of the greatest”: Dantzig 1967
:35. I am grateful to Dick Teresi for introducing me to this terrific book.
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