1706315974
1706315975
64 “The idea”: Gunn Allen 2003
:30.
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1706315977
65 Mather’s experiment: Mather 1820 (vol.1)
:507.
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1706315979
65 Wampanoag spiritual and political crises: Salisbury 1989
:235-38 (“their deities,”236).
1706315980
1706315981
65 Plymouth and more than fifty villages: Pyne 1982
:45-48; Cronon 1983
:90.
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1706315983
65 布拉福德与格尔基斯的引语：Anon. 1792
:246（attrib. to Bradford）；Gorges, 1890b
:77。遗憾的是，由今而论，这些观点既乐观又流行。见马萨诸塞湾地区敌对殖民地的首位总督约翰·温斯罗普（John Winthrop）1634年5月对天花造成大量原住民死亡一事及其法律含义的描述：“上帝保证了我们对自己属地的所有权”（Winthrop 1976
:116）；或是科顿·马瑟（Cotton Mather）那心平气和的阐释：此间“有害的生灵（即印第安人）”已经被一扫而空，“以便为更好的发展（即欧洲人）腾出空间”[引述于C. F. Adams 1892-93（vol.1）
:12]。
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1706315985
66 “Could make [the] English”: Pratt 1858
:485.
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1706315987
67 “He thinks we may”: Winslow 1963b
:58.
1706315988
1706315989
67 Indians and guns: Chaplin 2001
:111-12, Percy 1905-07
:414 (all Jamestown quotes).
1706315990
1706315992
1706315993
68 Massasoit’s negotiations: Winslow 1963b
:43-59; Deetz and Deetz 2000
:61-62.
1706315994
1706315995
69 Tisquantum’s machinations, death: Bradford 1981
:108-09 (“came running,”“and he thought,”“all was quiet”), 125-26 (Tisquantum’s death); Morton 1637
:103-05; Winslow 1963a
:82 (thanksgiving); Humins1987; Salisbury 1989; Shuffelton 1976.
1706315996
1706315997
71 Massasoit’s son and war in 1675: The best short account I have encountered is the first section of Schultz and Tougias 1999. See also Richter 2001
:90-109; Vaughan 1995
:308-22; Salisbury 1982
:Chap. 7.
1706315998
1706315999
72 Indian slavery: Lauber 1913
:esp. 109-11, 122-30; Cook 1973
:19-21 (1,000 sold); Gallay 2002 (25-50,000,299); Newell 2003, 2009; Philbrick 2006
:xiv-xv, 252-53, 320-21; Guasco 2007 (early Indian slavery in New England).
1706316000
1706316001
72 1633 epidemic: Snow and Lanphear 1998.
1706316002
1706316003
3. 在四分之国
1706316004
1706316005
73 Pizarro’s body: Maples and Browning 1994
:213-19.
1706316006
1706316007
74 Ezell thesis: Ezell 1961.
1706316008
1706316009
74 Dobyns in Peru and Mexico: Interviews, Dobyns; Dobyns 2004; Jones 2010.
1706316010
1706316011
75 Prescott as first full history: As opposed to colonial-era accounts.
1706316012
1706316013
76 Politiazation of Andean studies: Beyers 2001. Among the better known examples (and actually a pretty good book) is Baudin 1961.
1706316014
1706316015
76 Dobyns’s 1963 article: Dobyns 1963.
1706316016
1706316017
76 Comparison of Inka realm to other states in 1491: Fernández-Armesto 2001
:390-402 (“imperial potential,”395).
1706316018
1706316019
76 作为帝国的印加领域：秘鲁历史学家玛利亚·罗斯特沃罗夫斯基·坎塞科（María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco）认为，鉴于“帝国”（empire）一词带有“旧大陆的涵义”——它意味着存在一个复杂的，对边缘地带的“蛮人”施行统治的中心区域，譬如罗马——这并不适用于印加，因为印加侵袭的是那些比自己面积更大、国际化程度也更高的社会（Rostworowski de Diez Canseco 1999
:x）。尽管人们可以理解她的意思，“帝国”一词如今描绘的大致是这样一种情况，即“一个核心政体取得了对一系列其它社群的控制”（D’Altroy 2002
:6）。印加恰恰做到了这一点。
1706316020
1706316021
77 印加人的目标和方法：“在对被征服民族推行其政策上，印加人是沉着、高效而极权主义的……（他们试图）在全区范围内（推行）有约束性、标准化的政治、宗教、习俗和语言……他们通过灌输恐惧和使用武力而非知情参与来维持秩序”（Dobyns and Doughty 1976
:48-49）。
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1706316023
78 Inka road system: Hyslop 1984
:esp. 215-24, 342-43. The network appears to have been planned carefully (Jenkins 2001
:655-87).
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