打字猴:1.706316124e+09
1706316124
1706316125 103 Elite losses to smallpox: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000:144-45; Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua 1879:307 (“scabs,”“millions”); Murúa 1962-64 (vol. 1):136 (“infinite”), quoted in Crosby 2003b:53;Pizarro 1969:196-97; Cobo 1979:160; Poma de Ayala 2001:114, 141, 288; Hopkins 1983:208-11. For a dissenting view, see McCaa, Nimlos, and Hampe-Martinez 2004.
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1706316127 103 天花的演变:Baxby 1981;Gubser and Smith 2002;Hughes et al. 2010;Li et al. 2007。Hughes et al.认为南美或许还存在着一种更为温和的天花病毒,即小天花(alastrim minor)病毒,但即便如此,似乎它也并未在历史上扮演重要作用。
1706316128
1706316129 103 “virgin soil”: Crosby 1976.
1706316130
1706316131 104 India smallpox study: Rao 1972:37, cited in Fenn 2001:21.
1706316132
1706316133 104 “may well have been halved”: Dobyns 1963:497.
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1706316135 104 Thucydides’ account of epidemic: Thucydides 1934:109-14.
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1706316137 105 Not in a European language: Crosby 2003b:xxii.
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1706316139 105 皇室木乃伊:Pizarro 1969:202-04,251-54(“大部分”,203);Estete, M.d., untitled narrative of journey to Pachacamac, 见Hemming 2004:127的引述(“坐在”);Sancho 1917:159,170,195,200;Rowe 1946:308;D’Altroy 2002:96-99,141-42。萨米恩托·德·甘博阿实事求是地描绘了印加人贮存遗体的方法,但“木乃伊”这个词他只用了一次(Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000:120-23,135-36,145-46)。
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1706316141 106 Burning of Thupa Inka: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000:121, 159; Betanzos 1996:74-79; D’Altroy 2002:108.
1706316142
1706316143 106 Atawallpa execution: Rowe 1997. I thank Patricia Lyon for sending me this article.
1706316144
1706316145 107 “win the land”: Pizarro 1969:199. See also, Sancho 1917:171-72; Mrright 1992:72-75.
1706316146
1706316147 109 European failures without epidemics, factions: Restall 2003:70-72 (Mexico, Florida); Hemming 1978:69-84 (Brazil); White 1991: esp. Chap. 4 (France).
1706316148
1706316149 110 Additional smallpox epidemics: Hopkins 1983:212-13 (“They died by scores,”quoted on 213).
1706316150
1706316151 110 伤寒、流感等,九成的死亡率:Dobyns 1963。多宾斯的论点在近二十年后得到了诺贝尔·大卫·库克(Noble David Cook)的支持。库克通过厚达一本书的调查,认为六次大规模疫情在1524年至1614年间侵袭了塔万廷苏尤,致使当地人口的减幅达到了93%左右(N.D. Cook 1981)。
1706316152
1706316153 110 伊斯帕尼奥拉的天花:天花抵达当地的最初证据在圣哲罗姆隐修会神父(当时是伊斯帕尼奥拉的统治者)1519年1月写的一封信中。当时,天花病毒已经杀死了三分之一的岛上原住民,并且蔓延至波多黎各(Heneige 1986:17-19)。天花或许不是加勒比海地区首次爆发的传染病。西班牙塔纳雷斯堡大学的医学史学家弗朗西斯科· 格拉提出了充分的事实证明,当地1493年爆发的猪流感“导致了美洲印第安人在安地列斯群岛的绝迹”(Guerra 1988:305)。诺贝尔· 大卫· 库克则认为,当年爆发的流行病就是天花(N. D. Cook 2003)。
1706316154
1706316155 111 Smallpox hits Mexico: The evidence is examined carefully in McCaa 1995. See also, Hopkins 1983:204-08 and the sources in Chap. 4.
1706316156
1706316157 111 “一直存在的争论”:Devenan ed. 1976:xvii。对此产生兴趣的远非德尼万一个人。例如,在大约相同的时期,加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校的历史学家威尔伯·雅各布斯(Wilbur Jacobs)在描绘围绕原住民人口数量的谜团时,称它“确实是历史上最迷人的数字游戏之一”(Jacobs 1974:123)。
1706316158
1706316159 111 Mooney: Mooney 1928; Ubelaker 1976, 1988. Mooney’s article was posthumous.
1706316160
1706316161 112 克罗伯的估算:Kroeber 1934(“高度本地化的”,25);1939:31,134,166。格陵兰也被涵盖在了克罗伯的人口密度数字之中,这使后者多少得到了下降。
1706316162
1706316163 112 Sauer, Cook, and Borah: Among their many works are Sauer 1935; Cook and Simpson 1948; Borah and Cook 1964; Cook and Borah 1963, 1979. See also, Denevan 1996c.
1706316164
1706316165 112 “Historians and anthropologists”: Dobyns 1995.
1706316166
1706316167 112 World population in 1500: United Nations Population Division 1999:5.
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1706316169 113 “greatest destruction”: Lovell 1992:426. See also, Crosby 1986:208-09; Porter 1998:163; Jacobs 1974:128.
1706316170
1706316171 113 Dobyns’s 1966 article, Denevan’s book: Dobyns 1966; Denevan 1976.
1706316172
1706316173 113 Dobyns’s ideas attacked: Author’s interviews, Dobyns, Russell Thornton, Shepard Krech. See also Thornton 1987:34-36; Krech 1999:83-84; Henige 1998, 1990, 1978b.
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