1706316124
1706316125
103 Elite losses to smallpox: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000
:144-45; Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua 1879
:307 (“scabs,”“millions”); Murúa 1962-64 (vol. 1)
:136 (“infinite”), quoted in Crosby 2003b
:53;Pizarro 1969
:196-97; Cobo 1979
:160; Poma de Ayala 2001
:114, 141, 288; Hopkins 1983
:208-11. For a dissenting view, see McCaa, Nimlos, and Hampe-Martinez 2004.
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1706316127
103 天花的演变:Baxby 1981;Gubser and Smith 2002;Hughes et al. 2010;Li et al. 2007。Hughes et al.认为南美或许还存在着一种更为温和的天花病毒,即小天花(alastrim minor)病毒,但即便如此,似乎它也并未在历史上扮演重要作用。
1706316128
1706316129
103 “virgin soil”: Crosby 1976.
1706316130
1706316131
104 India smallpox study: Rao 1972
:37, cited in Fenn 2001
:21.
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1706316133
104 “may well have been halved”: Dobyns 1963
:497.
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1706316135
104 Thucydides’ account of epidemic: Thucydides 1934
:109-14.
1706316136
1706316137
105 Not in a European language: Crosby 2003b
:xxii.
1706316138
1706316140
1706316141
106 Burning of Thupa Inka: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000
:121, 159; Betanzos 1996
:74-79; D’Altroy 2002
:108.
1706316142
1706316143
106 Atawallpa execution: Rowe 1997. I thank Patricia Lyon for sending me this article.
1706316144
1706316146
1706316147
109 European failures without epidemics, factions: Restall 2003
:70-72 (Mexico, Florida); Hemming 1978
:69-84 (Brazil); White 1991: esp. Chap. 4 (France).
1706316148
1706316149
110 Additional smallpox epidemics: Hopkins 1983
:212-13 (“They died by scores,”quoted on 213).
1706316150
1706316151
110 伤寒、流感等,九成的死亡率:Dobyns 1963。多宾斯的论点在近二十年后得到了诺贝尔·大卫·库克(Noble David Cook)的支持。库克通过厚达一本书的调查,认为六次大规模疫情在1524年至1614年间侵袭了塔万廷苏尤,致使当地人口的减幅达到了93%左右(N.D. Cook 1981)。
1706316152
1706316153
110 伊斯帕尼奥拉的天花:天花抵达当地的最初证据在圣哲罗姆隐修会神父(当时是伊斯帕尼奥拉的统治者)1519年1月写的一封信中。当时,天花病毒已经杀死了三分之一的岛上原住民,并且蔓延至波多黎各(Heneige 1986
:17-19)。天花或许不是加勒比海地区首次爆发的传染病。西班牙塔纳雷斯堡大学的医学史学家弗朗西斯科· 格拉提出了充分的事实证明,当地1493年爆发的猪流感“导致了美洲印第安人在安地列斯群岛的绝迹”(Guerra 1988
:305)。诺贝尔· 大卫· 库克则认为,当年爆发的流行病就是天花(N. D. Cook 2003)。
1706316154
1706316155
111 Smallpox hits Mexico: The evidence is examined carefully in McCaa 1995. See also, Hopkins 1983
:204-08 and the sources in Chap. 4.
1706316156
1706316158
1706316159
111 Mooney: Mooney 1928; Ubelaker 1976, 1988. Mooney’s article was posthumous.
1706316160
1706316162
1706316163
112 Sauer, Cook, and Borah: Among their many works are Sauer 1935; Cook and Simpson 1948; Borah and Cook 1964; Cook and Borah 1963, 1979. See also, Denevan 1996c.
1706316164
1706316165
112 “Historians and anthropologists”: Dobyns 1995.
1706316166
1706316167
112 World population in 1500: United Nations Population Division 1999:5.
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1706316169
113 “greatest destruction”: Lovell 1992
:426. See also, Crosby 1986
:208-09; Porter 1998
:163; Jacobs 1974
:128.
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1706316171
113 Dobyns’s 1966 article, Denevan’s book: Dobyns 1966; Denevan 1976.
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1706316173
113 Dobyns’s ideas attacked: Author’s interviews, Dobyns, Russell Thornton, Shepard Krech. See also Thornton 1987
:34-36; Krech 1999
:83-84; Henige 1998, 1990, 1978b.
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