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109 European failures without epidemics, factions: Restall 2003
:70-72 (Mexico, Florida); Hemming 1978
:69-84 (Brazil); White 1991: esp. Chap. 4 (France).
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110 Additional smallpox epidemics: Hopkins 1983
:212-13 (“They died by scores,”quoted on 213).
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110 伤寒、流感等，九成的死亡率：Dobyns 1963。多宾斯的论点在近二十年后得到了诺贝尔·大卫·库克（Noble David Cook）的支持。库克通过厚达一本书的调查，认为六次大规模疫情在1524年至1614年间侵袭了塔万廷苏尤，致使当地人口的减幅达到了93%左右（N.D. Cook 1981）。
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110 伊斯帕尼奥拉的天花：天花抵达当地的最初证据在圣哲罗姆隐修会神父（当时是伊斯帕尼奥拉的统治者）1519年1月写的一封信中。当时，天花病毒已经杀死了三分之一的岛上原住民，并且蔓延至波多黎各（Heneige 1986
:17-19）。天花或许不是加勒比海地区首次爆发的传染病。西班牙塔纳雷斯堡大学的医学史学家弗朗西斯科· 格拉提出了充分的事实证明，当地1493年爆发的猪流感“导致了美洲印第安人在安地列斯群岛的绝迹”（Guerra 1988
:305）。诺贝尔· 大卫· 库克则认为，当年爆发的流行病就是天花（N. D. Cook 2003）。
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111 Smallpox hits Mexico: The evidence is examined carefully in McCaa 1995. See also, Hopkins 1983
:204-08 and the sources in Chap. 4.
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1706316159
111 Mooney: Mooney 1928; Ubelaker 1976, 1988. Mooney’s article was posthumous.
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1706316163
112 Sauer, Cook, and Borah: Among their many works are Sauer 1935; Cook and Simpson 1948; Borah and Cook 1964; Cook and Borah 1963, 1979. See also, Denevan 1996c.
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1706316165
112 “Historians and anthropologists”: Dobyns 1995.
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112 World population in 1500: United Nations Population Division 1999:5.
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113 “greatest destruction”: Lovell 1992
:426. See also, Crosby 1986
:208-09; Porter 1998
:163; Jacobs 1974
:128.
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113 Dobyns’s 1966 article, Denevan’s book: Dobyns 1966; Denevan 1976.
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113 Dobyns’s ideas attacked: Author’s interviews, Dobyns, Russell Thornton, Shepard Krech. See also Thornton 1987
:34-36; Krech 1999
:83-84; Henige 1998, 1990, 1978b.
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113 Dobyns revises figures: Dobyns 1983
:42. The new figure was for North America only.
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113 Henige bio, critiques: Interview, Henige; Henige 1998 (bio, 4-5“Suspect,”314); 1978b (Hispaniola); Osborne 1998.
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1706316179
114 “你总是能听到”：访谈与电邮，斯蒂法姆。某些群体对前哥伦布时代美洲无人（或几乎无人）居住这种观点的下意识的坚持令人吃惊。直至1986年，美国历史协会的前主席伯纳德·贝林（Bernard Bailyn）还出版了一本名曰《英属北美人居史引论》（The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction）的著作（Bailyn 1986）。这本书讲的是英国的移民。但书名表明的是，在欧洲人到来之前，这片土地上根本没有人居住。而印第安人在全书的文本里也的确难见踪迹。
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114 “crater”: Interview,Wilson; Wilson 1999.
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4. 常见问题
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115 德·索托：Duncan 1995；Mena 1930
:264-66（查尔库奇马）。根据汉明的观察，德·索托“和任何其他西班牙征服者一样残暴。在向卡哈马卡进军途中，他（麾下的）军队强奸了卡哈的年长妇女（原文为mamaconas，大意为修女——笔者注）。一些当代作者认为他比其同道更为人性化，这种观点是毫不恰当的”（Hemming 2004
:555）。
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115 De Soto expedition: The numbers of men and animals differ somewhat in different accounts. I use Ramenofsky 1987
:59. The basic sources are Garcilaso de la Vega, 1951,”Gentleman of Elvas“1922, and its apparent predecessor, Fernández de Biedma 1922. Other documents are collected in Clayton, Knight, and Moore eds. 1993. The state of scholarly knowledge is assayed in Galloway ed. 1997. Popular accounts include Wilson 1999
:134-37; Morgan 1993
:72-75; Parkman 1983 (vol.1)：28-31．
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116 Hudson’s reconstruction of route: Interview, Hudson; Hudson 1993. For a fierce debate on the reliability of these reconstructions, see Henige 1993; Hudson, DePratter, and Smith 1993; Hudson et al. 1994.
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116 De Soto’s passage over Mississippi: “Gentleman of Elvas”1922 (vol. 1)
:112-17 (all quotes,113); Fernández de Biedma 1922 (vol. 2)
:25-28. See also Rollings 1995
:39-40.
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116 La Salle expedition: Parkman 1983 (vol. 1)
:920-30.
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