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96 “What could,”“No amount”: Hemming 2004
:115, 158. See also the vigorously argued Guilmartin 1991.
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97 对未能制造钢铁感到惊奇：“值得注意的是……向文明进军的秘鲁人竟然从未发觉到要使用钢铁，而钢铁在当地俯拾皆是。”（Prescott 2000
:810）
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97 Andean metallurgy: Burger and Gordon 1998; Lechtman 1996b hardness,”35; “plasticity,”37); 1993 (“eminent scholar,”253); 1984.
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97 Different contexts of technology: Interviews, Lechtman (“people solved”), Conklin, Leonard Morse-Fortier (force of sling projectiles); Ihde 2000.
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99 Inka ships: Cieza de León 1998: 75-76; Heyerdahl 1996; Hemming 2004
:25; Prescott 2000
:854-55;interview, Vranich (replica boat created for documentary). See the account of the new ship at http://www.reedboat.org.
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99 “Without endangering themselves”: Sancho 1917
:62.
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99 Cloth armor: Lechtman 1993
:256; Murra 1964
:718 (stripping of soldiers); Rowe 1946
:274-75; Montell 1929
:Fig. 21.
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100 “with such force”: Enríquez de Guzmán 1862
:99.
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100 Inka rebellion with flaming missiles: Hemming 2004
:193-94; Prescott 2000
:1021-23.
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100 Inka armies and horses: Hemming 2004 (“Even when,”111-12, “dreaded,”158).
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100 印加道路与马匹：Letter, Pizarro, H., to Oidores of Santo Domingo, 23 Nov. 1533，引述于Hemming 2004
:31（“太差了”）；Prescott 2000
:954。佩德罗·桑乔（Pedro Sancho）写道，在一条陡峭的，“由小石块堆砌的阶梯组成的”道路上，皮萨罗麾下的“马匹费力跋涉，以至于待到最终沿阶而上之后，大半马匹的马蹄铁都已经毁掉了，而且四蹄俱损”（Sancho 1917
:63）。
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102 Inka military techniques: Sancho 1917
:67; Hemming 2004
:195 (bolas); Prescott 2000
:922, 984.
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103 历史学家忽略了疫情：访谈，克罗斯比，德尼万，多宾斯。多宾斯说，当时“已发表的聚焦于新大陆历史流行病学的作品一只手就数得过来”（Dobyns 1995）。实际上，多宾斯自己的估算是在1964年以前共有18篇相关文章。尽管如此，绝大多数业内研究人员还是“似乎没怎么上心”（同上）；譬如，当时有学者称，“直到1720年，瘟疫才在秘鲁开始造成大规模伤亡”（Kubler 1946
:336）。秘鲁研究人员对这些疫情有所记载[Patrón 1894（他认为瓦伊纳·卡帕克的死因是巴尔通氏体病而非天花）]，但其他人和美国研究人员一样，都未能领会疾病的重要性（Vellard 1956）。我很感激感谢罗伯特·克里斯帮我获取了最后这篇文章的副本。
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103 Cieza de León: Cook and Cook 1998 (bio); Cieza de León 1959:52 (“great lague”).
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103 Elite losses to smallpox: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000
:144-45; Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua 1879
:307 (“scabs,”“millions”); Murúa 1962-64 (vol. 1)
:136 (“infinite”), quoted in Crosby 2003b
:53;Pizarro 1969
:196-97; Cobo 1979
:160; Poma de Ayala 2001
:114, 141, 288; Hopkins 1983
:208-11. For a dissenting view, see McCaa, Nimlos, and Hampe-Martinez 2004.
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103 天花的演变：Baxby 1981；Gubser and Smith 2002；Hughes et al. 2010；Li et al. 2007。Hughes et al.认为南美或许还存在着一种更为温和的天花病毒，即小天花（alastrim minor）病毒，但即便如此，似乎它也并未在历史上扮演重要作用。
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103 “virgin soil”: Crosby 1976.
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104 India smallpox study: Rao 1972
:37, cited in Fenn 2001
:21.
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104 “may well have been halved”: Dobyns 1963
:497.
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104 Thucydides’ account of epidemic: Thucydides 1934
:109-14.
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105 Not in a European language: Crosby 2003b
:xxii.
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106 Burning of Thupa Inka: Sarmiento de Gamboa 2000
:121, 159; Betanzos 1996
:74-79; D’Altroy 2002
:108.
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106 Atawallpa execution: Rowe 1997. I thank Patricia Lyon for sending me this article.
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