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1706316159
111 Mooney: Mooney 1928; Ubelaker 1976, 1988. Mooney’s article was posthumous.
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1706316163
112 Sauer, Cook, and Borah: Among their many works are Sauer 1935; Cook and Simpson 1948; Borah and Cook 1964; Cook and Borah 1963, 1979. See also, Denevan 1996c.
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1706316165
112 “Historians and anthropologists”: Dobyns 1995.
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1706316167
112 World population in 1500: United Nations Population Division 1999:5.
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113 “greatest destruction”: Lovell 1992
:426. See also, Crosby 1986
:208-09; Porter 1998
:163; Jacobs 1974
:128.
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1706316171
113 Dobyns’s 1966 article, Denevan’s book: Dobyns 1966; Denevan 1976.
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113 Dobyns’s ideas attacked: Author’s interviews, Dobyns, Russell Thornton, Shepard Krech. See also Thornton 1987
:34-36; Krech 1999
:83-84; Henige 1998, 1990, 1978b.
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1706316175
113 Dobyns revises figures: Dobyns 1983
:42. The new figure was for North America only.
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113 Henige bio, critiques: Interview, Henige; Henige 1998 (bio, 4-5“Suspect,”314); 1978b (Hispaniola); Osborne 1998.
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1706316179
114 “你总是能听到”：访谈与电邮，斯蒂法姆。某些群体对前哥伦布时代美洲无人（或几乎无人）居住这种观点的下意识的坚持令人吃惊。直至1986年，美国历史协会的前主席伯纳德·贝林（Bernard Bailyn）还出版了一本名曰《英属北美人居史引论》（The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction）的著作（Bailyn 1986）。这本书讲的是英国的移民。但书名表明的是，在欧洲人到来之前，这片土地上根本没有人居住。而印第安人在全书的文本里也的确难见踪迹。
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114 “crater”: Interview,Wilson; Wilson 1999.
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1706316183
4. 常见问题
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115 德·索托：Duncan 1995；Mena 1930
:264-66（查尔库奇马）。根据汉明的观察，德·索托“和任何其他西班牙征服者一样残暴。在向卡哈马卡进军途中，他（麾下的）军队强奸了卡哈的年长妇女（原文为mamaconas，大意为修女——笔者注）。一些当代作者认为他比其同道更为人性化，这种观点是毫不恰当的”（Hemming 2004
:555）。
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1706316187
115 De Soto expedition: The numbers of men and animals differ somewhat in different accounts. I use Ramenofsky 1987
:59. The basic sources are Garcilaso de la Vega, 1951,”Gentleman of Elvas“1922, and its apparent predecessor, Fernández de Biedma 1922. Other documents are collected in Clayton, Knight, and Moore eds. 1993. The state of scholarly knowledge is assayed in Galloway ed. 1997. Popular accounts include Wilson 1999
:134-37; Morgan 1993
:72-75; Parkman 1983 (vol.1)：28-31．
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1706316189
116 Hudson’s reconstruction of route: Interview, Hudson; Hudson 1993. For a fierce debate on the reliability of these reconstructions, see Henige 1993; Hudson, DePratter, and Smith 1993; Hudson et al. 1994.
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1706316191
116 De Soto’s passage over Mississippi: “Gentleman of Elvas”1922 (vol. 1)
:112-17 (all quotes,113); Fernández de Biedma 1922 (vol. 2)
:25-28. See also Rollings 1995
:39-40.
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116 La Salle expedition: Parkman 1983 (vol. 1)
:920-30.
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1706316195
116 Contrast between De Soto and La Salle’s experiences: Author’s interviews, Galloway, Hudson, Ramenofsky; Ramenofsky 1987
:55-63; Burnett and Murray 1993
:228.
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1706316197
117 Pigs as source for epidemic: Ramenofsky and Galloway 1997
:271-73; Crosby 1986
:172-76, 212-13 (suggesting epidemic disease may also have come before De Soto), 273; Crosby 2003b
:77 (importance of pigs to Spanish).
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1706316201
118 Caddo and Coosa: Perttula 1993, 1991.512-14; M. T. Smith 1994
:264-65; M. T. Smith 1987.
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118 Mass graves in the Southeast: M. T. Smith 1987
:60-68.
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1706316205
118 1918 flu epidemic: Crosby 2003a.
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1706316207
119 瘟疫的起源及其造成的损失：流行病学家愈发质疑黑死病是否是淋巴腺鼠疫。鼠类与跳蚤携带淋巴腺鼠疫病毒，但黑死病的传播速度要快于这些动物通常的行动速度（而且还是在较其久居地更冷的地区内）。而鼠疫杆菌的传染性从未被证明有黑死病那么强。导致那次疫情的有可能是诸如埃博拉病毒那样的出血热（Scott and Duncan 2001）。我感谢大卫·海尼格使我注意到了这种讨论。至于损失，见Wrigley 1969
:63等。
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