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119 人口最低值：Ubelaker 1992
:169-76，table 3。据1890年美国人口调查数据显示，美国原住民人口为23.7万（United States Bureau of the Census 1937
:3，table 2）。但人们普遍相信美国人口调查局的统计并不完全：它未能准确地调查很多原住民地区的情况，而其采用的对“印第安人”的定义的限制性又太强了。绝大多数人口统计学者都把这个数字翻一番。
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120 Zambardino critique: Zambardino 1980 (“the errors multiply,”8; “meaningful,”18).
1706316212
1706316213
120 “no better than”: Crosby 1992
:175.
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121 Skepticism: Interviews, Ubelaker, Snow; Snow 1995 (“no support,”1604); 1992; Snow and Lanphear 1988. I believe David Henige coined“Low Counter”and“High Counter.”
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121 Historians’ reluctance: Calloway 2003
:415-16 (“boggle,”415); McNeill 1998: 19-23 .
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121 1967年的麻疹疫情：访谈，Napoleon Chagnon，Thomas Headland，Francis Black，Patrick Tierney；Neel et al. 1970；Neel 1977
:155-68。当美国记者帕特里克·泰尔尼发文指责尼尔及其共同执笔人、人类学家沙尼翁加重疫情，甚至有可能是在一次不道德的，关于疫苗效果的实验进程中引发了这次疫情之后，麻疹疫情成为了争论的主题（Tierney 2000）。轰动过后，研究人员大体上同意，尼尔和沙尼翁传播麻疹的可能性是可以忽略不计的（Mann 2000a，2001；Neel et al. 2001）；正如正文所表明的那样，这次疫情的病源显然是图托托比河边的传教士（Headland 2000）。根据方言的不同，雅诺马马（Yanomamo）人也被称为雅诺马米（Yanomami）人、雅诺阿马（Yanoama）人或雅诺马莫（Yanomamö）人。
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123 Distribution of blood types: Crosby 2003b
:22-30. For a more complete explanation, see Crawford 1998
:95-101.
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1706316225
123 Black and HLA types: Author’s interviews, Black, Stephen S. Hall; Black 1992, 1994, 2004; Crawford 1998
:131-34. HLA classes are succinctly explained in Hall 1997
:368-69. My thanks to Steve Hall for walking me through this material.
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1706316229
125 Russian fur trade: Standard histories include Fisher 1943; Lincoln 1994.
1706316230
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126 “As soon as”: Fuch 1988
:169-70. Again I thank Prof. Fenn.
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128 Helper-T cell hypothesis: Hurtado, Hurtado and Hill 2004.
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1706316237
129 Revolutionary War epidemic: Interviews, Fenn; Fenn 2001 (start of Boston epidemic, 46; ten to thirty a day, 47; one day before the Declaration, 53-54; “Ethiopian regiment,”57-61; Quebec, 62-71;Adams, 79).
1706316238
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1706316241
131 Hopi-Nermernuh-Shoshone-Blackfoot connection: Thompson 1916
:318-25, 336-38 (“with our sharp,”336-37); Calloway 2003
:419-21 (Sioux, 421), Fenn 2001
:211-22. See also, Ewers 1973. “Blackfoot”usually refers to groups in Canada; “Blackfeet,”to those in the United States.
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131 “冬日记事”：Sundstrom 1997；Calloway 2003
:424。据桑德斯特姆对冬日记事的调查，在1780-82年间的十五张记事里，有十四张在其中至少一年标注上了疫情的符号，但有些人把这称为麻疹疫情而非天花疫情（很多群体最初没有把这二者分清楚）。大平原印第安人把一年定义为两个冬季初雪之间的时段，因此这与欧洲的年份并不相同。
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132 Pox in Northwest: Calloway 2003
:421-23; Fenn 2001
:224-32 (“great preponderance,”227), 250-58; Harris 1994; Boyd 1999
:esp. 21-39.
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132 Vancouver expedition: Vancouver 1984 (vol. 2)
:516-40 and passim (“promiscuously scattered,”516); Puget 1939
:198 (“pitted”).
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132 Quarantine: Braudel 19.81—84 (vol.1)
:86-87; Salisbury 1982
:106 (“could only”); Cronon 1983
:88.
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132 Wider impact of epidemics: Crosby 1992, Calloway 2003
:419-26; Stannard 1991
:532-33; Thornton 1987; Hopkins 1994
:48 (“my people”); Salisbury 1982: 105-06.
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133 Death of Hawaiian king and queen: Kuykendall 1947
:76-81.
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133 Montreal peace negotiations: Havard 2001
:49, 65 (Haudenosaunee losses), 130-02 (epidemic and Kondiaronk’s death).
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134 Former captives: Haudenosaunee Brandão 1997
:72-81.
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