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148 Nahuatl rhetoric: Author’s interviews, Karttunen; Garibay 1970
:115.
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150 Art and truth: León-Portilla 1963
:71-79 (“nothing is‘true,’ ”73; “He goes,”75;“From whence,”77).
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150 Northwest Coast art: Jonaitis 1991
:chaps. 1, 8.
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151 Spanish reactions to Tenochtitlán: Díaz de Castillo 1975
:214-19; Cortés 1986
:102-12 (“can there,”108-09; “obliterate,”88).
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153 Conquest of alliance and disease’s role: Thomas 1995. crosby(1986
:200) callsCortés’s victory“a triumph of the [smallpox] virus.”
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155 征服后人口减少:Borah 1976;Borah and Cook 1964;Cook and Borah 1963(2520万,88);Borah 1951;Cook and Simpson 1948。关于征服后墨西哥与新西班牙地区的疫情状况,见Prem 1992;N. D. Cook and Lovell 1992的完整讨论;另见N. D. Cook and Lovell eds. 1992;Malvido 1973。库克和博拉的估值是最合理的猜测;他们更有信心地宣称,接触前的原住民人口在1800万到3000万之间。
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157 “We, Christians”: Cieza de León 1959
:62.
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157 大屠杀与道德资本:范例包括Thornton 1987;Stannard 1992;Churchill 1997。应该说明的是:很多使用“大屠杀”一词的书籍和文章,譬如拉塞尔·索顿(Russell Thornton)的《美国印第安人的大屠杀和幸存记》(American Indian Holocaust and Survival,1987),都是严肃的著作。但其作者同时希望发表一个政治观点,这个观点在他们看来是其调研的直接结论。出于对表述方式的敏感,他们选择了一种充满感情色彩的措辞来传递其观点。有关作为道德资本的大规模受害之讨论,见Stannard 2001;Alexander 1994
:esp.195。
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158 “Very probably”: Katz 1994 (vol. 1):20 (emphasis in original).
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158 “Economic depression”: Borah 1951
:27.
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158 Holmes: Quoted in Stannard 1992
:244.
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159 Inadvertent subjugation: I made this argument myself in Chap. 2.
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159 Siege of Kaffa: O’Connell 1989
:171.
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160 “the Spaniards are”: Klor de Alva 1992
:xx-xxi.
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160 迪亚斯·德尔·卡斯蒂略:这句话不见于任何近期的英译本,因为它们都是节译本;这是西班牙语原文中第174章的最后一句。
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160 Argument in Spanish court: Detailed in Pagden 1990: Chap.1.
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160 Sparush view of sickness: Porter 1998; interviews, Crease, Denevan, Lovell.
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160 Salomon: Salomon 1993.
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161 Las Casas: Las Casas 1992b
:28 (“beehive”), 31 (“twelve million”). See also, Motolinia 1950
:38-40.
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161 殖民时期的记述看来有所夸张:“当代学生普遍倾向于怀疑有关原住民数量的早期意见,然而他们极少阐述自己这样做的理由”(Sauer 1935
:1)。作为对索尔的回应,人类学家阿尔弗莱德·L·克罗伯没有进一步解释,只是说:“我可能会全盘否定绝大多数(十六世纪和十七世纪的文献)”(Kroeber 1939
:180)。另见Cook and Borah 1971(vol. 1):376-410(“十六世纪”,380)。
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161 Numbers creep down: Jennings 1975
:16-20.
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161 Forty or fifty million: Spinden 1928
:660 (50 to 75 million“souls”lost); Rivet, Stresser-Pean, and Loukotka 1952 (40 to 45 million).
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162 “Most of the arrows,”Henige’s estimate: Author’s interviews, Denevan, Henige, 1998
:210 (“perhaps 40 million”).
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162 “a very high population”: Zambardino 1978. Henige responded in Henige 1978a.
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