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1706316451
192 Ice-free corridor and 1950S investigations: e.g., Elson 1957.
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1706316455
192 Pleistocene bestiary: Anderson 1984; Kurtén and Anderson 1980.
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1706316457
193 13,800-11,400 years ago: Faith and Surovell 2009.
1706316458
1706316459
193 “zoologically impoverished”: Wallace 1962 (vol. 1)
:149-50.
1706316460
1706316461
194 Martin’s overkill thesis: Martin 1984, 1973 (“thoroughly superior predator,”“swift extermination,”972), 1967.
1706316462
1706316463
194 Other extinctions: Wilson 1992
:244-53.
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1706316465
195 “Paradigmatic image”Fiedel 1992
:63-84. The image is summed in Easton 199
:2 (“stout-hearted,”31).
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1706316467
195 Northwest Coast salmon wars: Wilkinson 2000. The treaty language at issue (“right of taking”) is in Article 3, http://www.nwifc.wa.gov/ tribes/treaties/tmedcreek.asp.
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1706316469
199 赫德利奇卡在拉森湾：丹尼的故事可以得到Bray and Killion eds. 1994中的文章的佐证。拉森湾的情况并非反常。1902年赫德利奇卡到访墨西哥索诺拉州时，当地的雅基族印第安人正在与墨西哥军队作战。在一个战场上，赫德利奇卡发现了64具新鲜的雅基族人遗体——男人、女人和儿童。他砍掉了他们的头颅，并将其装船送到了史密森尼博物院（Hrdlička 1904
:65-66）。
1706316470
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201 Fifty shot down: Cited in Meltzer 1995
:22. “The shelf-life of pre-Clovis claims seems little more than a decade,”Meltzer wrote (ibid.).
1706316472
1706316473
201 “Clovis police,”new Hrdlicka: Author’s interviews, Meltzer, Haynes, Thomas Dillehay; Pringle 1999 (police); Alsoszatai-Petheo 1986
:18 (new Hrdlicka); Meltzer 1989
:478-79. Clovis-firsters were attacked as the“Clovis Mafia” (Koppel 2003
:147-50). Fiedel (2000
:42-43) marshals evidence against the charges.
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1706316475
201 Landmark article: Greenberg, Turner, and Zegura 1986 (“the three,”479; “we are dealing, 28 key,”“dental clusters,”48o; “widely held,”484; “tripartite division,”487).
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201 Languages of California: Mithun 1997 (fifteen families); Kroeber 1903 (five families).
1706316478
1706316479
201 180个语系：这个处于1986年语言学前沿的大致数据来源于对两个当时最新统计的汇总：Campbell and Mithun 1979（北美洲有62个语系）以及Loukokta 1968（中美洲和南美洲有118个语系）。
1706316480
1706316481
203 Critiques of three-migrations paper: Campbell 1986 (“Neither,”“should be,”488); Morrell 1990b (“zero”). See also, Campbell 1988; Laughlin 1986.
1706316482
1706316483
203 Geneticists pursued the question: Reviewed in Merriwether 2002.
1706316484
1706316485
203 Mitochondrial DNA indicates multiple migrations: Schurr et al. 1990; Horai et al. 1993.
1706316486
1706316487
203 Wallace and Neel timing estimate: Torroni et al. 1994.
1706316488
1706316489
204 Haplogroup A study: Bonalto and Bolzano 1997.
1706316490
1706316491
204 Size of founding groups: Schurr et al. 1990 (little mtDNA diversity, small group); Ward et al. 1991 (much diversity, big group).
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1706316493
205 Diverse possible origins: Merriwether et al. 1996 (Mongolia); Karafet et al. 1999 (Lake Baikal); Torroni et al. 1993 (east Asia); Lell 2002 (southern middle Siberia and Sea of Okhkotsk, in two major migrations).
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205 “only one thing”: Cann 2001
:1746.
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205 Monte Verde: Meltzer 1997; Dillehay ed. 1989-97 (summary of dig history, vol. 2
:1-24). See also Dillehay 200l; Gore 1997; Wilford 1998b, 1997b.
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206 年代：Dillehay ed. 1989-97（vol. 1）
:18-19，133-45，esp. Table 6.1。迪勒黑没有使用经过校准的碳年代；我启用的是Stuiver et al. 1998的校准。菲德尔（Fiedel）说，如果这个数据准确，那么人类在当地开始居住的年代有可能是13 500-14 100年以前。
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