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176 欧洲更新世遗迹的发现:Grayson 1983。我把这个故事给多少简化了一下。1858年时,包括查尔斯·莱尔爵士在内的英国地质学家在某座英格兰洞穴中发现了工具和更新世时期的化石。21年以前,法国海关官员兼业余科学家雅克·鲍彻·德·克雷弗克·德·佩尔特斯在法国北部的阿布维利附近做出了内容相似,但规模更大的发现。佩尔特斯对这一发现的宣布遭遇了嘲笑,其中有些正是来自于莱尔的。在英国人的发现之后一年,莱尔和其他科学家到访阿布维利,并且判定克雷弗克·德·佩尔特斯一直都是正确的;他们发布了可谓恳切的公开道歉函。自那时起,科学界在支持人类更早起源上达成了共识。
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176 Abbott’s finds, proselytizing: Abbott 1876 (“driven,”72); 1872a (“so primitive,”146); 1872b.
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177 Bureau of American Ethnology: Meltzer 1994; 1993
:chaps. 3, 5; Judd 1967. The Smithsonian’s brief history of the Bureau of American Ethnology is at anthropology,si.edu/outreach/depthist.html.
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177 Holmes critique: Interview, Meltzer; Meltzer 2009
:70-74, 1992; Hough 1933.166 Abbott, McGee, and the Paleolithic Wars: Meltzer 2009
:Chap. 3; Abbott 1892a (“The stones are inspected,”345); 1892b (“scientific men of Washington,”270); 1883a (“high degree,”303); 1883b (“more ‘knowing,’”327); 1884 (“neither among,”253); Meltzer 2003; 1994
:11-12; I993
:41-50; Cultural Resource Group1996.
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180 Hrdli cka’s life work: Meltzer 1994
:12-15; 1993
:54 (“respectable antiquity”); Montagu 1944; Loring and Prokopec 1994
:26-42.
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181 “Favorable cave”: Quoted in Deuel 1967
:486.
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182 Folsom: Meltzer 2009
:82-91; Kreck 1999; Roberts 1935
:1-5.
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184 Brown’s announcement: Anon. 1928; Chamberlin 1928.
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184 Whiteman: Anon. 2003; McMavy 2003; Cotter and Boldurian 1999
:1-10.
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185 “driving mania”: Eiseley 1975
:99.
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186 Discovery of Clovis culture: Cotter 1937; Roberts 1937.
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187 Lack of skeletons: Interview, Petersen; Steele and Powell 2002 (ten skeletons); Preston 1997:72 (interview with Owsley).
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188 八十多处福尔松和克洛维斯文化的遗迹:汉娜·沃明顿(Hannah Wormington)在其广受赞誉的1957年版《远古人在北美》(Ancient Man in North America)中列出了96处遗址。但她把其中一些列为无法确定的小型遗址,因此我回避了具体数字,而只是写到有“八十多处”(Wormington 1957)。据Grayson and Meltzer(2002)的估算,美国大陆共有76座古印第安人遗址。
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188 Cosmic-ray race: Crease and Mann 1996
:Chap. 10.
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188 Detection of organic C14 and halflife: Anderson et al. I947a, 1947b; Engelkemeier et al. 1949.
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189 First radiocarbon dates: Arnold and Libby 1949 (“seen to be,”680); Marlowe 1999.
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190 “You read books”: Libby 1991
:600.
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190 UA C14 lab and Haynes’s background: Author’s interview, Haynes; Feldman 1998.
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190 Consistency of CI4 dates: Haynes 1964.
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190 13 500年前与12 900年前:我使用的校准源于Stuiver et al. 1998(online at http://depts.washington.edu/qil/datasets/intcal98_14c.txt)。Fiedel 1999b
:102实际上将这些校准应用到了克洛维斯文化与福尔松文化里。它们曾因数据不可靠而遭受攻击(Roosevelt, Douglas, and Brown 2002;Roosevelt 1997)。
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191 Beringia: For a general physical description, see Fiedel 1992
:46-47. Mthough now a little dated,Fiedel’s book remains one of the best expositions of the basic issues.
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191 Beringia insects: Elias 200l; Elias et al. 1996; Alfimov and Berman 200l; Colinvaux 1996.
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192 Temperature rise: Alley 2000.
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