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1706316551
219 作为全球最古老城市的苏美尔：一些人口密集的定居点年代更为古老，譬如位于土耳其中部的恰塔霍裕克（çatalhöyük）和约旦的加扎勒泉（’Ain Ghazal）。但考古学家相信这些定居点并非真正意义上的城镇，因为它们缺乏存在公共建筑、稳固的社会阶层以及劳动分工的证据（Balter 1998；Simmons et al. 1988）。
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1706316553
219 Eurasian trade in ideas: Examples lifted from Teresi 2002.
1706316554
1706316555
219 泛美高速公路：巴拿马和哥伦比亚之间没有公路的空白地段一度规模甚巨，现在已经缩小到了五十英里左右。尽管如此，路况还是极其糟糕，连《孤独星球》旅游指南对泛美高速公路的描述都是“更多是个概念，而不是一条真正的线路”。
1706316556
1706316557
221 Atacama as model for Mars: Navallo-Gonzfilez et al. 2003.
1706316558
1706316559
221 Pizarro’s pilot’s advice: Quoted in Thomson 2003
:139.
1706316560
1706316561
221 Possible Paleo-Indian routes to coast: Arriaza 2001.
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1706316563
221 Two Science reports: Sandweiss et al. 1998; Keefer et al. 1998; deFrance et al. 200x. See also, Pringle 1998b; Wilford 1998a.
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222 Different early adaptations: A fine summary is provided in Moseley 2001
:91-100.
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1706316567
222 First finding of mummies: Max Uhle found the same mummies but didn’t further excavate there (Uhle 1917). I am grateful to the librarians at Pontificia Universidad Cató1ica del Peril who hunted down this article for me.
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223 Chinchorro diet: Aufderheide and Allison 1995. My thanks to Joshua D’Aluisio-Guerreri for helping me obtain this article.
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223 Chinchorro mummies: Arriaza 1995 (1983 find, chap. 2); Allison 1985; Pringle 1998a.
1706316572
1706316573
223 Anemia in child mummies: Focacci and Chacón 1989.
1706316574
1706316575
223 Tapeworm eggs Reinhard and Urban 2003.
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1706316577
225 Import of Norte Chico: Author’s Interviews, Haas, Creamer, Ruiz, Mike Moseley. Haas and Creamer 2004 (“The complex of sites,”36); Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004.
1706316578
1706316579
226 Aspero: Wiuey and Corbett 1954 (“knolls,”254); Moseley and Willey 1973 (“excellent, if embarrassing,”“temple-type,”455); Feldman 1985; 1980
:246 (rejecting older dates), cited in Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004.
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1706316581
226 Caral: Shady Solis, Haas, and Creamer 2001; Shady Solis and Leyva eds. 2003; Shady Solis, pers. comm. See also, Pringle 200x; Sandweiss and Moseley 2001; Fountain 200l; Bower 2001; Ross 2002.
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1706316583
228 Dating of other Norte Chico sites: Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz 2004.
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1706316585
228 Egypt: For dates and sizes I have relied on Algaze 1993 and Spence 2000 (which dates construction on the Great Pyramid of Khufu to begin in 2485-75 B.C.).
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1706316587
228 Invention of government: Author’s interviews, Haas, Petersen; Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz 2004.
1706316588
1706316589
230 Cotton domestication: Sauer 1993.
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1706316591
230 Cotton in Europe and the Andes: Braudel 1981-84 (vol. 1)
:325-27; (vol. 2)
:178-80 (bans, prostitutes), 312-13; Murra 1964.
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1706316593
231 MFAC hypothesis: Moseley 2005, 1975b. See the critiques in Wilson 1981, Raymond 1981.
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233 Work parties and music: Author’s Interviews, Haas, Creamer; Shady Solis 2003a, 2003b.
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1706316597
233 Champ de Mars: Schama 1989
:504-09.
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234 Early Staff God: Author’s interviews, Creamer; Makowski, pers. comm.; Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz 2003; Spotts 2003; Makowski 2005.
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